Table 1.
Summary of inhibitors/enhancers of hAuNP uptake in HEp-2 cells. Results are expressed as mean ± S.D. percentage of control fluorescence intensity in microplate spectrophotometry assays. These results are shown for hAuNP-GADPH signal in uninfected HEp-2 cells, although results are representative of those observed for hAuNP-RSV in infected cells.
| Inhibitor | Mechanism of Action | Relative Fluorescence Intensity (% of untreated) |
|---|---|---|
| Nystatin/Progesterone | depletes membrane cholesterol, inhibits lipid rafts and caveolin | 153.40 ± 3.72 |
| Chlorpromazine | inhibits clathrin pit formation | 101.21 ± 3.56 |
| Heparin | competitively inhibits heparin sulfate proteoglycan-mediated endocytosis | 98.03 ± 4.87 |
| Amiloride | inhibits fluid-phase macropinocytosis | 93.94 ± 1.66 |
| Genistein | inhibits tyrosine kinases | 93.60 ± 4.70 |
| Cytochalasin D | inhibits actin-based intracellular transport | 92.14 ± 3.84 |
| Nocodazole | inhibits microtubule-based intracellular transport | 88.60 ± 2.49 |
| Sodium azide/2-deoxyglucose | inhibits cellular metabolism | 87.43 ± 1.42 |
| Dynasore | inhibits dynamin-mediated endocytosis (including clathrin, caveolin) | 87.33 ± 3.37 |
| Chloroquine | inhibits endosomal acidification | 87.13 ± 1.93 |
| Brefeldin A | inhibits late endosomal trafficking (Golgi-ER sorting) | 87.10 ± 1.03 |
| 4°C pretreatment | reduces membrane fluidity | 78.87 ± 8.52 |
| 10% Serum | may inhibit nanoparticle uptake due to adsorption of serum proteins | 69.05 ± 4.48 |