Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted Poisson multilevel assessment of dental pain period prevalence among adolescents
| City level | Unadjusted Prevalence Ratio | Adjusted Prevalence Ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human development index | (95% CI) | p-values | (95% CI) | p-values |
| Less than 0.48 | reference | reference | ||
| 0.48 or more | 1.62 (1.43-1.84) | < 0.001 | 0.74 (0.64-0.85) | < 0.001 |
|
_2-loglikelihood (contextual level) |
6963.4 | |||
| Individual level |
Prevalence Ratio |
Prevalence Ratio | ||
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | p-values | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Boys | reference | reference | ||
| Girls | 1.62 (1.43-1.84) | 1.67 (1.48-1.89) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.064 | |||
| 12 | reference | reference | ||
| 15 | 1.08 (0.93-1.25) | 1.14 (0.99-1.30) | ||
| Skin color/race | < 0.001 | |||
| Whites | reference | reference | ||
| Dark-skinned blacks | 1.52 (1.24-1.85) | 1.52 (1.25-1.85) | ||
| Light-skinned blacks | 1.71 (1.46-2.00) | 1.69 (1.47-1.95) | ||
| Asian descendants | 0.82 (0.47-1.40) | 0.83 (0.46-1.48) | ||
| Amerindians | 1.42 (078-2.59) | 1.46 (0.84-2.53) | ||
| _2-loglikelihood (contextual level + demographic characteristics) | 6824.1 | |||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Per capita family income | 0.022 | |||
| < 1/4 BMW* | reference | reference | ||
| 1/4 to 1/2 BMW* | 0.88 (0.74-1.05) | 0.95 (0.82-1.12) | ||
| ≥ 1/2 BMW* | 0.45 (0.37-0.55) | 0.71 (0.59-0.87) | ||
| Not informed | 0.65 (0.55-0.76) | 0.89 (0.75-1.05) | ||
| Father Educational level (years of study) | 0.076 | |||
| < 8 | reference | reference | ||
| 8 |-- 11 | 0.78 (0.65-0.93) | 0.92 (0.77-1.10) | ||
| ≥ 11 | 0.46 (0.38-0.56) | 0.75 (0.64-0.88) | ||
| Not informed | 0.65 (0.55-0.76) | 0.93 (0.76-1.13) | ||
| Mother Educational level (years of study) | 0.038 | |||
| < 8 | reference | Reference | ||
| 8 |-- 11 | 0.75 (0.64-0.87) | 0.87 (0.75-1.01) | ||
| ≥ 11 | 0.48 (0.39-0.59) | 0.80 (0.67-0.96) | ||
| Not informed | 0.73 (0.61-0.88) | 0.85 (0.66-1.11) | ||
| Type of school | < 0.001 | |||
| Public | reference | reference | ||
| Private | 0.33 (0.22-0.50) | 0.50 (0.34-0.73) | ||
| _2-loglikelihood (contextual level + demographic + socioeconomic characteristics) | 6717.5 | |||
| Dental status | ||||
| Untreated dental caries | < 0.001 | |||
| None | reference | reference | ||
| ≥ 1 teeth | 2.73 (2.35-3.14) | 1.89 (1.63-2.19) | ||
| Endodontic treatment need | < 0.001 | |||
| None | reference | reference | ||
| ≥ 1 teeth | 3.38 (2.95-3.87) | 1.93 (1.70-2.20) | ||
| _2-loglikelihood (contextual level + demographic + socioeconomic + dental characteristics) | 6464.4 | |||
São Paulo, Brazil, 2008.
*BMW = Brazilian Minimum Wage