Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Group; mean (SD)* |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Controls, n = 239 | All patients, n = 312 | Schizophrenia, n = 187 | Bipolar, n = 125 |
| Age, yr | 35.8 (11) | 34.3 (10) | 33.4 (12) | 35.7 (12) |
| Sex, % female | 56 | 50 | 42** | 62 |
| European descent, % | 99 | 81** | 76** | 90** |
| Education, yr | 14.2 (2.2) | 12.8 (2.5)** | 12.2 (2.4) | 13.6 (2.3) |
| Creatinine, μmol/L† | 71 (11) | 72 (15) | 71 (13) | 72 (17) |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 25 (18) | 29 (20)** | 30 (19) | 27 (21) |
| High-sensitivity CRP, mg/L | 0.78 (1.23) | 0.97 (1.85) | 0.87 (1.29) | 1.12 (2.45) |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L† | 5.1 (1.0) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.2) |
| Glucose, mmol/L† | 4.99 (0.84) | 5.21 (1.34)** | 5.21 (1.36) | 5.20 (1.27) |
| Diabetes or cardiovascular disease, % of participants | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Autoimmune disease, % of participants | 0 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 6.5 |
| Alcohol units consumed in the previous 2 weeksठ| 9 (10) | 9 (20) | 7 (17) | 13 (23) |
| Substance abuse, no. (%) of participants¶ | 0 | 23 (7) | 13 (7) | 10 (8) |
| Smoking, no (%) of participants | 0 | 168 (55) | 102 (56) | 66 (53) |
| GAF, symptom/function | — | 48/48 | 41/42 | 59/57 |
CRP = C-reactive protein; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning;27 SD = standard deviation.
*
Unless otherwise indicated.
†
Data missing for 5 controls, 7 schizophrenia and 6 bipolar disorder patients.
‡
One unit of alcohol = 10 mL.
§
Data missing for 28 controls, 11 schizophrenia and 2 bipolar disorder patients.
¶
Use of illegal drugs in the previous 2 weeks.
**
p < 0.05, significantly different compared with controls.