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degrees of gall induction (upper) and growth stunting (lower) on maize by the feeding of adults and nymphs of C. bipunctata. the degree of gall induction was assessed by a symptom score (0: no visible symptoms, 1: leaf veins partially thickened, 2: leaf tissues heavily swollen). Vertical bar indicates the standard deviation. different letters above the bars indicate significant differences among treatments (a–c: Steel-dwass test, p = 0.05, x–z: tukey HSd test, p = 0.05).
