Table 1.
Maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal characteristics and metabolic parameters in a prospective singleton pregnancy cohort study
| All subjects | Normal glucose tolerance | Impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 248 | 191 | 57 |
| Mother | |||
| Ethnicity: French Canadians | 112 (45.1) | 88 (46.1) | 24 (42.1) |
| Age (years) | 31 ± 4.7 | 30.8 ± 4.7 | 31.7 ± 4.7 |
| ≥35 | 57 (23.0) | 43 (22.5) | 14 (24.6) |
| Primiparous | 100 (40.3) | 84 (44.0) | 16 (28.1)§ |
| Tobacco smoking (yes/no) (%) | 18 (7.3) | 15 (7.9) | 3 (5.3) |
| Drinking alcohol (yes/no) (%) | 34 (13.7) | 19 (10.0) | 15 (26.3)‖ |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 47 (19.0) | 31 (16.2) | 16 (28.1)§ |
| Height (cm) | 164.1 ± 6.4 | 164.9 ± 6.3 | 162.8 ± 6.4§ |
| Pregnancy | |||
| Prepregnancy weight (kg) | 64.5 ± 14.1 | 63.8 ± 13.2 | 67.2 ± 16.6 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 5.0 | 23.4 ± 4.6 | 25.3 ± 5.9§ |
| Gestational age at recruitment (weeks) | 25.7 ± 1.1 | 25.8 ± 1.1 | 25.6 ± 1.1 |
| Weight gain in pregnancy (kg) | 15.7 ± 5.7 | 16.0 ± 5.5 | 14.9 ± 6.2 |
| Gestational hypertension | 14 (5.7) | 13 (6.8) | 1 (1.8) |
| Vaginosis or other minor infections* | 39 (15.7) | 30 (15.7) | 9 (15.8) |
| Glucose intravenously at delivery† | 119 (48.4) | 91 (47.9) | 28 (50.0) |
| Cesarean section | 70 (28.5) | 47 (24.7) | 23 (41.1)§ |
| Baby | |||
| Sex (boy) | 133 (53.9) | 102 (53.7) | 31 (54.4) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.5 | 39.1 ± 1.4 | 38.5 ± 1.7§ |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,444 ± 445 | 3,447 ± 432 | 3,438 ± 489 |
| Birth length (cm) | 50.6 ± 2.1 | 50.7 ± 2.1 | 50.3 ± 2.1 |
| Ponderal index (kg/m3) | 26.6 ± 2.8 | 26.4 ± 2.8 | 27.0 ± 3.0 |
| Birth weight z score‡ | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 1.1 |
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | 11 (4.4) | 6 (3.1) | 5 (8.8) |
Data are means ± SD for continuous variables and n (%) for frequency variables. n = 248.
*Minor infections refer to any treatment for infections during pregnancy. No patients had any “major” infections requiring hospitalizations or emergency care.
†Patients who were given glucose intravenously during the delivery (5% dextrose in all such cases).
‡Based on sex- and gestational age–specific Canadian fetal growth standards.
§P < 0.05;
‖P < 0.01 in tests for differences comparing women with impaired glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus to those with normal glucose tolerance.