Table 3.
Regression coefficients (95% CI) for the associations of maternal glucose tolerance (glucose concentration at the OGTT), prepregnancy adiposity (BMI), and fetal adiposity (ponderal index) with cord blood glucose-to-insulin ratio and proinsulin concentration
| Cord blood glucose-to-insulin ratio | P value | Cord blood proinsulin (pmol/l) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OGTT glucose, per SD (30 mg/dl ) increase | ||||
| Crude | −6.1 (−8.8 to −3.5) | <0.0001 | 3.6 (1.9 to 5.3) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusting for prepregnancy BMI | −5.5 (−8.1 to −2.9) | <0.0001 | 3.4 (1.7 to 5.1) | <0.0001 |
| Further adjusting for fetal PI | −5.3 (−8.0 to −2.6) | 0.0002 | 3.0 (1.3 to 4.7) | 0.0005 |
| Full adjustment* | −5.3 (−8.3 to −2.3) | 0.0006 | 4.1 (2.3 to 6.0) | <0.0001 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, per SD (5 units) increase | ||||
| Crude | −4.7 (−7.4 to −2.1) | 0.02 | 2.0 (0.3 to 3.7) | 0.02 |
| Adjusting for OGTT glucose | −3.8 (−6.5 to −1.2) | 0.005 | 1.5 (−0.2 to 3.1) | 0.09 |
| Further adjusting for fetal PI | −3.3 (−5.9 to −0.7) | 0.01 | 1.2 (−0.5 to 2.8) | 0.16 |
| Full adjustment* | −3.2 (−6.1 to −0.3) | 0.03 | 1.3 (−0.4 to 3.1) | 0.14 |
| Infant PI, per SD (2.8 units) increase | ||||
| Crude | −5.6 (−8.2 to −2.9) | 0.0002 | 3.2 (1.5 to 4.9) | 0.0002 |
| Adjusting for OGTT glucose | −5.2 (−7.8 to −2.7) | <0.0001 | 3.0 (1.4 to 4.6) | 0.0004 |
| Further adjusting for prepregnancy BMI | −4.9 (−7.5 to −2.4) | 0.0002 | 2.9 (1.3 to 4.5) | 0.0005 |
| Full adjustment* | −5.0 (−7.8 to −2.3) | 0.0004 | 2.7 (0.9 to 4.4) | 0.003 |
n = 248 mother-infant pairs. OGTT = 50 g, 1-h OGTT at 24–28 weeks of gestational age; PI, ponderal index (kilograms per cubic meter).
*Variables in the full adjustment models included OGTT glucose concentration, prepregnancy BMI, maternal ethnicity, age, parity, smoking, alcohol use, family history of diabetes, weight gain in pregnancy (SD score), gestational hypertensive complications, bacterial vaginosis and other minor infections, mode of delivery, maternal glucose (5% dextrose) intravenously during delivery, infant sex, gestational age (weeks), birth weight (SD score), and ponderal index (SD score). The adjusted results were similar in subgroups with or without maternal glucose intravenous infusion during delivery and among boys and girls (data not shown).