Fig. 2.

Swallow-related cortical activity in insula. A: average percent signal increase in insula. Difference between flavored stimuli and dry swallow failed to reach statistical significance. We performed nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test because of unequal variances among groups. Values are means ± SE. B: average swallow-related BOLD response waveforms across all trials in insula (n = 294). Note differences in the magnitude of fMRI waveforms for the flavor-stimulated swallows; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance. C: coordinates of peak signal intensity with each flavor within insula based on the Talairach-Tournoux system, with x, y, and z as described in Fig. 1 legend. Corresponding Z score of peak activity voxel with each flavor is also presented.