Table 4.
Epigenetically silenced genes and their pathways in various human cancers
| Pathway | Gene(s) | Cancer Type |
|---|---|---|
| Cell cycle | p15INK4B, p16INK4A, p14ARF, RB, RASSF1, p27KIP1, p21WAF1/CIP1, and RB | hepatic, lung, colorectal, gliomas, head and neck, squamous cell, breast, gastrointestinal, hepatocellular, salivary gland, retinoblastoma, bladder, pancreatic, melanoma, prostate cancers and hematological cancers |
| DNA repair | MLH1, MGMT, BRCA1, RASSF1,WRN | colorectal, endometrial, gastric, squamous cell, melanoma, testicular, esophageal, liver cancers |
| Transcriptional regulation | VHL, RIZ1, HIC1, BEX2 | gall bladder, gastric, thyroid, esophageal, renal, oral cancers |
| Cell adhesion | CDH1,CDH13 | breast, lung, and stomach cancers, leukemia |
| Cell adhesion, invasion, metastasis, | SERPINB5 (MASPIN) | breast, thyroid, prostate, melanoma |
| SFRP1 | ||
| Cell growth and proliferation | MDG1 | breast, gastric |
| Transcription factor | CEBPA, GATA4, GATA5, ID4, RUNX3 | endometrial, lung, hepatoma, colon, nasopharyngeal, bladder cancers |
| Signal transduction | RARB2 | esophageal and breast cancer |
| DNA Damage | 14-3-3σ, GADD45G | breast, gastric, liver, lung, skin, ovarian, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, cervical, nasopharyngeal cancers |
| Carcinogen detoxification | GSTP1 | prostate, breast, and renal cancers |
| Apoptosis | DAPK, TMS1 | cervical, lung, glioma, esophageal, mesothelioma cervical, prostate cancers and hematologic cancer |
| Nuclear export | APC | colorectal, endometrial, breast, lung, stomach, melanoma |
| Hormone receptor | ER, PR, AR, PRLR and TSHR | breast, prostate, thyroid cancers |
MLH1, mismatch repair gene 1; MGMT, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; MDG1, mammary-derived growth inhibitor 1; BRCA1, breast cancer 1; RASSF1, ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 1; WRN, Werner syndrome RecQ helikase like; VHL, Von Hippel-Lindau 1; RIZ1, retinoblastoma protein-interacting zing-finger gene; HIC1, hypermethylated in cancer-1; BEX2, brain expressed X-linked2; RB, retinoblastoma; CDH1, cadherin-1; MDG1, microvascular endothelial differentiation gene1; CEBPA, CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha; GATA4, GATA binding protein 4; ID4, DNA-binding protein inhibitor; RUNX, runt-related transcription factor 3; RARB2, retinoic acid receptor B2; GADD45G, growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma; GSTP1,glutathione S-transferase pi 1; DAPK1, death-associated protein kinase; TMS1,target of methylation-induced silencing1; APC, adenomatosis polyposis coli; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; AR, androgen receptor; PRLR, prolactin receptor; TSHR, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor.