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Proposed schematic of the signaling network for DUOX2 induction during viral infection. ATRA is required for DUOX2 promoter activation after viral infection. This potentially is mediated through an ATRA-dependent factor such as RIG-I/MDA5. The RIG-I/MDA5-mediated induction of IFN-β and IFN-β-mediated effector molecules recruit IFN-γ-producing immune cells that further amplify DUOX2 expression. NK, natural killer; ??, potential pathways that have not been experimentally verified.
