Fig. 4.

The effect of Rs1 on mixed bilayers containing PS in the presence of calcium. A. Mix of PS:PC 1:3 in 20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM CaCl₂. A1 - Defects are seen in the bilayer before protein injection; A2 - Protein injection causes a fast bilayer disruption; A3 and A4 - The disruption was followed by gradual re-establishment of continuity (healing). B. Lipid mix mimicking synaptic membrane composition (41% PC, 32% PE, 12% PS, 5% PI, 10% cholesterol) in 20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM CaCl₂. B1 - A complex pattern of phases is seen in the equilibrated, multi-component mixed bilayer before Rs1 injection; B2 - Immediately after injection of Rs1 the bilayers were disrupted and full thickness holes appeared; B3 and B4 - The continuity of the bilayers was gradually restored via continuing Rs1 action. C. Line plots show the section profiles of the bilayers along the lines drawn in B. Notice the complex phase structure before protein injection (C1) and the changes in roughness after Rs1 injection. Primed numbers indicate time, in minutes, after Rs1 injection. All images are 3×3 μm².