Table 3.
Syringes (n = 198) |
Drug preparation equipment (container, filter, or water) (n = 240) |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR 95% CI) | |
Demographic | ||||
Unstable housinga | 2.45 (1.44–4.17) | 1.89 (1.19–3.00) | ||
Drug use | ||||
Cocaine injectinga (vs. heroin) | 3.12 (1.18–8.20) | 3.96 (1.05–14.98) | 1.36 (0.71–2.58) | |
Polydrug usea | 2.04 (1.18–3.53) | 2.76 (1.11–6.82) | 2.22 (1.38–3.55) | |
Public/semipublic injectingb (vs. private) | 2.98 (1.61–5.49) | 2.64 (1.09–6.38) | 2.79 (1.64–4.74) | 2.42 (1.26–4.65) |
Required or provided help injectingb | 4.13 (2.37–7.20) | 6.28 (3.81–10.34) | ||
Tried to use sterile materials for each injectionb | 0.12 (0.05–0.28) | 0.23 (0.10–0.53) | ||
Experienced problems obtaining sterile materialsa | 3.22 (1.59–6.52) | 4.29 (2.07–8.88) | ||
Used sterile injection kit (container, filter, water)b | 0.37 (0.17–0.80) | 0.42 (0.23–0.79) | ||
Health status | ||||
Drug overdose (past year) | 1.89 (1.02–3.49) | 2.21 (1.25–3.88) | ||
Self-reported poor physical health | 3.11 (1.41–6.80) | 3.73 (1.52–9.22) | 2.94 (1.83–4.72) | 2.82 (1.48–5.36) |
Self-reported poor mental health | 3.47 (1.64–7.35) | 2.11 (1.01–4.41) | ||
At least one HIV test (past year) | 2.30 (0.99–5.35) | 4.53 (1.16–17.54) | 1.04 (0.56–1.91) | |
Knowledgec,d | ||||
Modes of HCV transmission through shared injecting equipment (1) | 0.68 (0.49–0.95) | 0.72 (0.53–0.97) | ||
Perceptionsc,d | ||||
Benefits for oneself and for others from injecting with sterile equipment (13) | 0.46 (0.30–0.69) | 0.30 (0.15–0.58) | 0.47 (0.32–0.69) | 0.52 (0.33–0.88) |
Barriers to injecting with sterile equipment (global) | 2.03 (1.47–2.79) | 1.41 (1.08–1.85) | ||
Difficulty to inject more safely due to lack of available sterile equipment, ease of use, and ability to carry injecting equipment without harassment (14) | 1.63 (1.22–2.18) | 2.16 (1.31–3.56) | 1.35 (1.04–1.74) | |
Personal relationships are compromised due to loss of trust and misperceptions about infection status of injecting partners (15) | 1.57 (1.24–1.99) | 1.41 (1.08–1.85) | ||
Effectiveness and accessibility of services and treatment for HCV infection (16) | 0.67 (0.49–0.92) | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | ||
Self-efficacy/perceived control over safer injecting (global) | 0.09 (0.05–0.16) | 0.16 (0.10–0.43) | ||
Self-efficacy for safer injecting, to modify injecting practices, and to overcome pressure to share equipment (11) | 0.12 (0.07–0.20) | 0.17 (0.12–0.26) | ||
Capacity to convince others to safely inject with sterile equipment and refrain from sharing (12) | 0.26 (0.10–0.38) | 0.36 (0.26–0.51) | 0.54 (0.34–0.84) |
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.
Note: adjusted for age, sex, HCV status. Variables tested but not significant: gender, age, education, income, years injecting, and psychosocial scales from Table 2 (all global and component scales were considered).
Refers to past 6 months.
Refers to past month.
Number in parenthesis refers to corresponding scale number as listed in Table 3.
Scales highly correlated with each other were not included in the multivariable models. In these situations, only the most significantly associated scales were considered.