Table 2.

Characteristics of potential radionuclides for tumor radiotherapy [14, 15, 19–21, 54, 55].

Radionuclide	Production	Emission type	Half-life	Emax  (MeV)	Rmax  (mean)1	Size of tumor cells2
186Re	185Re (n, γ) 186Re	β, γ (9.4%)	89.2 h	1.07	5 mm (1.8 mm)	Intermediate clusters
188Re	188W/188Re-generator	β, γ (15.1%)	17 h	2.12	11 mm (2.4 mm)	L clusters
177Lu	176Lu (n, γ)177Lu	β	161 h	0.49	1.6 mm (0.67 mm)	S clusters
131I	131Te (β)131I	γ (81.2%), β	8 d	0.28, 0.36, 0.64	2.4 mm (0.8 mm)	S clusters
90Y	90Sr/90Y-generator	β	64.1 h	2.28	12 mm (2.8 mm)	L clusters
67Cu	64Ni(α, p)67Cu	β	2.6 d	0.19	2.2 mm (0.7 mm)	S clusters
225Ac	225Ra-generaor	α	10 d	5.83, 5.79, 5.79, 5.73	40–80 μm	Single cells, S clusters
111In	111Cd (p, n)111In	Auger,γ	67 h	0.42	2–500 nm	Single cells

L: large; S: small.

¹Radiation tumor tissue penetration maximum and mean range.

²Small, intermediate and large clusters correspond approximately to the intervals 10⁴–10⁶,10⁶–10⁸, and 10⁸–10¹⁰ tumor cells per clusters, respectively [54].