Appendix B.

Clinical trials of energy intake in the presence of beverages or water

First author (year) (experiment)	Funding (I,N,M)	Sample characteristics (N gender, age, wt)	Trial Type; Test Meal(s); Notes	Time Delay^a (min)	Beverages (sweetener) (mL)	Bev. Energy (kcal)	Meal Intakes Kcal±SEM^b	% ΔTEI ^c	P value^d	% Comp

Akhavan & Anderson (2007)⁵⁰ (exp 2)	M	19 M&F^e 23.6±1.1y, mw	CO6^‡; L^ψ;	80 min	Plain Water (300) Lemon (20g/80f) (300) Lemon (35g/65f) (300) Lemon (50g/50f) (300) Lemon (s) (300) Lemon (80g/20f) (300)	0 300 300 300 300 300	1603.9 ± 91.9 1466.8 ± 80.3 1414.2 ± 85.2 1375.1 ± 85.9 1183.2 ± 60.9 1140.5 ± 70.0	control 10.2 6.9 4.4 −7.5 −10.2	NS NS NS NS NS	control 45.7 63.2 76.3 140.2 154.5

Almiron- Roig & Drewnowski (2003)³⁶	I	14M & 18F, 18- 35y, mw	CO4; L^ψ; All preloads also included a 100 kcal slice of toast;	135 min	Males sparkling water (591) orange juice (591) lowfat (1%) milk (591) cola (591) Females sparkling water (591) orange juice (591) lowfat (1%) milk (591) cola (591)	0 247 247 247 0 247 247 247	lunch only 1087±74 1122±69 1022±71 1078±71 838±66 736±61 708±63 760±63	plus toast control 23.9 15.5 19.7 control 15.5 12.1 18.0	<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 NS <0.01	control −13.9 26.7 3.8 control 41.4 52.7 31.6

Birch et al. (1989)⁴³ (exp 1)	M	10M & 14F, 45- 66mo, NL	RCT^‡; Snack	0 min 30 min 60 min	water (205) fruit drink (s) (205) diet fruit (a) (205) water (205) fruit drink (s) (205) diet fruit (a) (205) water (205) fruit drink (s) (205) diet fruit (a) (205)	0 90 4 0 90 4 0 90 4	454 397 451 521 459 458 421 388 378	control 7.3 0.1 control 5.4 −11.4 control 13.5 −9.4	NS^f NS NS^f <0.05 NS^f NS	control 63.3 NA control 68.9 NA control 36.7 NA

Birch et al. (1989)⁴³ (exp 2)	M	7M & 13F, 26- 49mo, NL	CO12^‡; Snack	0 min 30 min 60 min	water (150) fruit drink (s) (150) diet fruit (a) (150) water (150) fruit drink (s) (150) diet fruit (a) (150) water (150) fruit drink (s) (150) diet fruit (a) (150)	0 60 3 0 60 3 0 60 3	371 290 350 391 300 353 367 317 346	control −5.7 −5.0 control −7.9 −9.1 control 2.7 −5.0	NS^f NS NS^f <0.05 NS^f NS	control 135.0 NA control 151.7 NA control 83.3 NA

Canty & Chan (1991)⁵²	NS	18M & 2F, 23- 37y, nw	CO4; L^ψ	60 min	water (200) cherry drink (s) (200) diet cherry (a) (200) diet cherry (h) (200)	0 80^φ 1^φ 0	589±34 504±35 606±40 568±43	control −2.9 3.0 −3.6	NS^g NS NS	control 125.0 NA NA

DellaValle et al. (2005)^h,³⁷	N	44F, 18–60y, mw	CO6^‡; L	w/meal	water (360) orange juice (360) 1% milk (360) cola (360) diet cola (360)	0 165 153 150 0	790±34 710±34 756±37 737±31 792±32	control 10.9 15.1 12.2 0.3	<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS	control 0.49 0.23 0.36 NA

Flood et al. (2006)^h,³⁹	N	15M & 18F, 18- 45y, mw	CO6; L	ad lib w/ meal	(max volume available) water (360) regular cola (360) diet cola (360) water (540) regular cola (540) diet cola (540)	(mean) 0 128 0 0 151 0	894±55 895±57 851±55 819±50 894±61 865±48	control 9.5 0.0 control 8.4 −3.3	<0.001 NS <0.001 NS	control 33.8 NA control 50.1 NA

Guss et al. (1994)⁵¹ (exp 1)	N	8 F, 20.4±1.2y, nw	CO4^‡; L	30 min	water (500) lemon (f) (500)	0 200^φ	589 537	control 25.1	NL	control 0.26

Guss et al. (1994)⁵¹ (exp 2)	N	8 F, 21.7±2.8y, nw	CO4^‡; L	135 min	water (500) lemon (f ) (500)	0 200^φ	641 520	control 12.2	NL	control 0.61

Hagg et al. (1998)³⁸	I	36M&F^e, 4-6.7y, nw	CO12; L^ψ	Before + ad lib w/meal	water (50) 1% or 3% milk (50)	0 99	365±22 327±22	control 16.7	<0.0001	control 38.4

Holt et al. (2000)⁴²	N	11M, 19–30y, nw	CO3; Sn, L^β (+dinner intake)	20 min from preload to ad lib snack; 130 min from preload to lunch	mineral water (375) cola (375) diet cola (375) mineral water (375) cola (375) diet cola (375) mineral water (375) cola (375) diet cola(375)	0 150 2 0 150 2 0 150 2	Sn 553 502 490 Sn + L 1455 1263 1161 Sn + L + D 2903±131 2523 2642±180	Sn control 17.8 11.2 Sn + L control −4.7 −29.2 Sn+ L+D control −7.9 −9.0	NL NL NS NS NS NS	Sn control 34.3 NA Sn + L control 94.1 NA control 252.9 NA

Lavin et al. (1997)⁴⁰	I	14F, student age, nw	CO3; Sn, L, Sn, D (+ next day intake); all snacks and meals were ad lib.	NA; drink given 4x that day;	mineral water (330) lemonade (s) (330) diet lemonade (a) (330) mineral water (330) lemonade (s) (330) diet lemonade (a) (330)	0 330 10 0 330 10	1 day 2962±191 2771±215 3177±215 2 day 4729±191 4490±191 5374±215	1 day control 4.7 7.6 2 day control 1.9 13.8	NS NS NS <0.05	1 day control 57.9 NA 2 day control 72.4 NA

Lavin et al. (2002)⁸³	I	10M & 10F, age NL, mw	CO4; L^ψ	5 min	water (150) current drink (s) (150)	0 60	859±49 884±47	control 9.9	meal only NS	control −42.2

Mattes (1996)ⁱ,¹²	NL	8M & 8F, 21y+, nw (uses wt for ht)	CO5; 2day (d) diet records. d1=control, d2= preload; preloads included crackers & cheese	NA	water (1008) cola (1008)	0 418	NL NL	d2 vs. d1 −1.7 7.2	NS <0.05	NA −12.5

Rodin (1990)^j,⁴⁶	I	10M & 10F, 22- 50y, mw	CO4; L^β	38 min	water (500) lemonade (g) (500) lemonade (f) (500) diet lemonade (a) (500)	0 201 201 4	1192 1102 897 1217	control 9.2 −7.9 2.4	<0.05 NS (<0.06) NS	control 45.1 147.0 NA

Rogers et al. (1988)^h,⁴⁷	NL	4M & 8F, 19- 25y, nw	CO5; L^β ^ψ	65 min	water (200) sweet water (g) (200) diet water (a) (200) diet water (h) (200) diet water (k) (200)	0 188 3 0 0	1443 1274 1333 1387 1400	control 1.3 −7.4 −3.9 −3.0	NS NS NS NS	control 89.9 NA NA NA

Rolls et al. (1990)⁴⁵	N	14M, 21–39y, nw 14M, 21–39y, nw 14M, 21–39y, nw	CO7^‡, L	w/ meal 30 min 60 min	water (237) lemonade (s) (237) diet lemonade (a) (237) water (473) lemonade (s) (473) diet lemonade (a) (473) water (237) lemonade (s) (237) diet lemonade (a) (237) water (473) lemonade (s) (473) diet lemonade (a) (473) water (237) lemonade (s) (237) diet lemonade (a) (237) water (473) lemonade (s) (473) diet lemonade (a) (473)	0 83 5 0 166 10 0 83 5 0 166 10 0 83 5 0 166 10	1083±90 1138±71 1022±79 1077±88 1046±81 1113±74 1137±148 1098±109 1093±102 1199±160 1096±132 1138±141 1147±73 1104±59 1211±37 1225±67 1134±62 1140±64	control 12.7 −5.2 control 12.5 4.3 control 3.9 −3.4 control 5.3 −4.2 control 3.5 6.1 control 6.1 −6.1	<0.01 NS <0.01 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS	control −66.4 NA control 19.0 NA control 47.0 NA control 61.6 NA control 51.5 NA control 55.2 NA

Shafer et al. (1987)^k,⁴⁸ (exp 1)	N	4M & 5F, 35- 54y, NL	CO5^‡; L^β	60 min	water “solution” (g) (NL) “solution” (s) (NL) “solution” (f) (NL)	0 100 100 100	920 831 820 889	control 1.2 0.0 7.5	meal only NS NS NS	control 89 100 31

Shafer et al. (1987)^k,⁴⁸ (exp 2)	N	5F, 25–65y, NL	C05^‡; L^β	60 min	water diet “solution” (a) (100)	water 1	899 860	control −4.2	meal only NS	control 536

Spitzer & Rodin (1987)^j,⁴⁹	NL	21M & 19F, ~20–25y, mw	RCT^‡;L^β	135 min	water (500) lemonade (g) (500) lemonade (f) (500)	0 197 197	1102 1405 877	control 45.3 −2.5	<0.05¹ NL	control −153.5 114.7

Van Wymelbeke et al. (2004)^m,⁴¹	N	12M & 12F, 20- 25y, nw	CO6; L, D	NA Drank 2L over course of day	(wks 1, 7, 9 averaged) mineral water (2000) fruit drink (s) (2000) (wks 2, 8, 10 averaged) mineral water (2000) diet fruit (a,h,k) (2000)	0 799 0 0	2279 2035 2255 2120	control (d2) 24.3 (d1) control (d2) −6.0 (d1)	<0.05^l NS	control 30.7 control NA

Abbreviations: I=industry, N=Non-industry, M=mixed (both industry and non-industry), nw=normal weight , ow=overweight, mw=mixed weight, CO#=crossover and # of repeated experiments, B=Breakfast, L=Lunch, D=Dinner, NA= Not Applicable, NL=Not listed, NC=not calculable, NS=not significantly different (P>0.05), %ΔTEI=Percent change in Total Energy Intake. Sweeteners: s=sucrose, g=glucose, f=fructose, a=aspartame, h=saccharin, k=acesulfame-K.

^‡

See Also Table 2 for further results from this study.

^†

Beverages with non-conventional caloric sweeteners or mixed caloric and diet sweeteners not shown.

^β

test meal included caloric beverages

^ψ

test meal included water

^φ

beverage kcal not listed; kcal were calculated at 4kcal/g for sucrose, glucose, fructose, aspartame and 2.5kcal/g for xylitol, and 0kcal/g for saccharin.

Time delay = minutes from preload to test meal(s)

SEM was not available for all studies. SEM was calculated from SD (SEM=SD/√N) where available. Where stratified results were combined, SEM was not calculated.

Total energy intake includes combined kcal from preload and test meal. %ΔTEI is calculated as 100*(TEI(w/beverage)−TEI(w/water)) / TEI (w/water).

P values reflect differences in total energy intake. I.e. Preload+meal kcal compared to water+meal kcal. This comparison was not available for all studies. For diet beverages with negligible calories, P-values for meal intake contrasts are considered equivalent.

Sex specific N’s not listed

Total intake differences not tested. Amount of compensation was not significantly different from preload calories.

Non-significant P value was reported for differences in test meals only; However total energy differences were smaller than meal differences, so non-significance was assumed.

Additional data supplied by author(s)

ⁱ

Paper listed only differences in intake between day 1 (control) and day 2 (test day). Percent change in intake was calculated from differences. Day 1 intake was estimated from figure.

Totals were calculated from weighted averages of stratified results as there were no significant differences by sex and/or wt.

Paper does not specify any flavoring or volume for preload solution. First author has passed away, and collaborators were contacted but were unable to provide this information.

Significant P value was reported for differences in test meals only; However total energy differences were of greater magnitude and significance was assumed.

Caloric intake was measured over 48 hours. Beverages were consumed the first day, still mineral water was consumed the second day. Breakfast calories were fixed. Lunch and Dinner calories were ad lib.