Table 3.
Sociodemographic characteristics for four offspring risk groups compared with the reference group, percentages given for dichotomous variables, M (SD) given for continuous variables
| Family characteristics (as of date of interview) | HGHE-D Hi-G and hi-E MZ and DZ DD twins (n = 455) M (SD) or % | HGHE-A Hi-G and hi-E MZ and DZ AD twins (n = 548) M (SD) or % | HGLE Hi-G and low-E MZ twin no dx; co-twin DD or AD (n = 245) M (SD) or % | MGLE Mod-G and low-E MZ twin no dx; co-twin DD or AD (n = 229) M (SD) or % | LGLE reference Low-G and low-E MZ and DZ unaffected (n = 440) M (SD) or % | Entire sample (n= 1,917) M (SD) or % |
| Male offspring | 50.3% | 49.8% | 50.2% | 50.2% | 47.5% | 49.5% |
| Child age, yrs. | 22.1 (4.4)* | 21.1 (4.2) | 21.5 (4.3) | 21.2 (6.5) | 21.4 (4.4) | 21.4 (4.7) |
| Paternal age, yrs. | 51.6 (2.7) | 51.6 (2.9) | 51.8 (2.8) | 51.7 (2.7) | 51.6 (2.8) | 51.6 (2.8) |
| Maternal age, yrs. | 48.2 (4.4)** | 48.5 (4.4)* | 48.9 (4.7) | 48.4 (3.8) | 49.1 (4.3) | 48.6 (4.3) |
| Father educ. >high school | 61.1% | 64.8% | 63.8% | 63.2% | 66.2% | 63.9% |
| Mother educ. >high school | 60.2% | 61.5% | 64.5% | 64.5% | 63.9% | 62.6% |
| Father employed fulltime | 83.5%** | 90.0% | 87.3% | 92.6% | 90.5% | 88.5% |
| Household income group | 9.9 (6.7)** | 10.5 (6.2) | 11.8 (11.5) | 10.3 (3.2) | 11.1 (5.3) | 10.6 (6.8) |
| White race | 96.3% | 93.4% | 92.6% | 93.9% | 94.3% | 94.3% |
| Marital status: divorced* | 36.5%*** | 18.2% | 18.0% | 20.1% | 16.4% | 22.3% |
| Father ASPD or CD dx | 22.2%*** | 13.1%*** | 4.5% | 7.9%** | 2.5% | 11.1% |
| Mother ASPD symptoms | 4.8% | 12.0%** | 5.2% | 6.6% | 6.1% | 7.5% |
| Father internalizing dx | 41.8%*** | 19.5%*** | 11.4% | 10.5% | 7.3% | 19.9% |
| Mother lifetime depression dx | 16.5%*** | 4.6% | 5.3% | 9.2%* | 5.2% | 8.2% |
| Mother AD dx | 16.0%*** | 9.7%** | 5.7% | 7.4% | 4.5% | 9.2% |
| Mother marijuana >150 uses | 5.9%** | 4.4%* | 1.2% | 3.5% | 1.6% | 3.6% |
| Mother data missing | 10.8% | 9.7% | 6.9% | 10.9% | 8.0% | 9.3% |
Notes: Bold indicates statistical significance. HG = high genetic; HE = high environmental; D = drug; A = alcohol; LE = low environmental; MG = medium genetic; LG = low genetic; MZ = monozygotic; DZ = dizygotic; DD = drug dependence; AD = alcohol dependence; Dx = diagnosis; yrs. = years; educ. = education; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder. Significantp values:
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001.