Figure 1. Approach, avoidance and escape contingencies and associated timing parameters.

The schematic shows each cue-response-outcome contingency employed and associated timing parameters. Distinct cues prompted approach responding that produced a future money gain, avoidance responding that prevented a future money loss and escape responding that terminated immediate escalating money loss. A neutral fixation cross (not shown) served as the baseline condition for imaging analyses. Pretraining using a contingency shaping procedure established stable and accurate responding during neuroimaging.