Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Characteristic | Vertebroplasty (N=68) | Control (N=63) |
|---|---|---|
| Study Recruitment Site - no. (%) | ||
| Mayo Clinic | 14 (21%) | 16 (26%) |
| United Kingdom | 26 (38%) | 26 (41%) |
| Australia | 13 (19%) | 9 (14%) |
| USA (Non-Mayo Clinic) | 15 (22%) | 12 (19%) |
| Age - mean yr (sd) | 73.4 (9.4) | 74.3 (9.6) |
| White - no. (%) | 67 (99%) | 60 (95%) |
| Female - no. (%) | 53 (78%) | 46 (73%) |
| Education - no. (%) | ||
| Less than high school | 36 (53%) | 26 (41%) |
| High school | 13 (19%) | 23 (37%) |
| Some college | 10 (15%) | 7 (11%) |
| College graduate | 9 (13%) | 7 (11%) |
| Married or living with other - no. (%) | 42 (62%) | 27 (43%) |
| Employment - no. (%) | ||
| Full/Part Time | 7 (10%) | 5 (8%) |
| Retired | 42 (62%) | 39 (62%) |
| Disabled | 10 (15%) | 10 (16%) |
| Other | 9 (13%) | 9 (14%) |
| Smoker - no. (%) | 12 (18%) | 9 (14%) |
| Comorbidity index15 (0–28) - mean (sd) | 1.9 (2.1) | 2.0 (1.9) |
| Workers’ compensation - no. (%) | 9 (13%) | 7 (11%) |
| Pain duration (weeks) - no. (%) | ||
| 1 – 13 | 30 (38%) | 24 (44%) |
| 14 – 26 | 14 (24%) | 15 (21%) |
| 27 – 39 | 8 (14%) | 9 (12%) |
| 40 – 52 | 16 (24%) | 15 (23%) |
| median weeks (IQR) | 16 (10 – 36) | 20 (8 – 38) |
| Number of levels treated – no. (%) | ||
| 1 | 48 (71%) | 41 (65%) |
| 2 | 13 (19%) | 14 (22%) |
| 3 | 7 (10%) | 8 (13%) |
| Self-Reported Opioid Analgesic Use – no. (%) | 38 (56%) | 40 (63%) |
| RDQ* – mean (sd) | 16.6 (3.8) | 17.5 (4.1) |
| Average Pain Intensity last 24 hours† - mean (sd) | 6.9 (2.0) | 7.2 (1.8) |
| SF-36 (v2) - mean (sd) | ||
| Physical Component Summary§ | 25.3 (7.8) | 25.3 (7.3) |
| Mental Component Summary§ | 44.8 (11.8) | 41.5 (14.1) |
| Pain Frequency Index¶ - mean (sd) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.8) |
| Pain Bothersome Index¶ - mean (sd) | 2.9 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.8) |
| EQ-5D** - mean (sd) | 0.57 (0.18) | 0.54 (0.23) |
| SOF-ADL†† - mean (sd) | 10.0 (3.6) | 10.3 (2.8) |
*
RDQ ranges from 0 to 23 with higher scores indicating worse physical disability.
†
Average Pain Intensity ranges from 0 = ‘no pain’ to 10 = ‘pain as bad as could be’.
§
Norm-based SF-36 (v2) scores are presented. In a healthy population, SF-36 scores have a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 with lower scores indicating worse outcome.
¶
Pain Frequency and Bothersome indices range from 0 to 4 (4 = worst pain).
**
EQ-5D ranges from −0.1 to 1.0 with higher scores indicating better health.
††
SOF-ADL scores range from 0 to 18 with higher scores indicating more back-related disability.