Fig. (1).

Genetic mapping, comparative genomic analysis, and combination of transcriptomic, epigenomic and proteomic approaches can play important roles in understanding gene functions in P. falciparum.

a. Sequence analysis to identify genetic polymorphisms; b. sequence comparison to search for homolog genes or elements; c, microarray chips to evaluate the gene expression at mRNA level; d, e. analysis of different phenotype and genotype data to locate candidate genes/loci associated with drug resistance and other traits; f, g. population genetic analysis to detect genetic loci under selection or with elevated recombination frequency; h. protein expression analysis and association with developmental stages; and i. predicated functions of candidate genes can be studied using genetic knock-out and other methods.