Immunohistochemistry for neuronal markers (NeuN, green; neurofilament, red) reveals an initial injury response in which neuronal soma are distanced from the probe, and neurofilament disruption indicative of damaged axons is seen one day after implantation. A marked improvement in the appearance of injury site occurs within the first week, with a significant increase in neuronal density surrounding probes evident at this time point (P≤0.006). NSC-seeding was associated with increased the neuronal density surrounding prostheses in the first week of implantation, with a reversal of this effect at later time points (P<0.05).