Table 2.
Association of breast-feeding with risk of T2DM or IGT among offspring of mothers with diabetes during pregnancy
| Study | Study design | Mother′s type of DM during pregnancy,n |
Study population |
Breast-feeding measure |
T2DM outcome definition |
Offspring age range |
OR (95%CI), or % with DM* |
Adjusted covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mayer-Davis et al. [38] | Case-control | Any DM: cases 16, controls 8 | SEARCH Diabetes in youth | Ever vs never BF | Provider diagnosed, T2DM 80, control 167 | 10–21 y | 0.43 (0.19–0.99) | Sex, age, race, family DM history, maternal attributes, child BMI z-score |
| Young et al. [37] | Case-control, 2000–2001 | T1DM 14, GDM 22, none 102 | Native Canadian, Manitoba | Duration > 12 mo vs none | T2DM 46, control 92; diagnosis < 18 y, FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL | < 18 y | 0.24 (0.13–0.99) | Age, sex-matched, type of maternal diabetes |
| Pettitt et al. [36] | Longitudinal, 1978 | 75-g OGTT during pregnancy, GDM 21, none 551 | Pima Indians | Exclusive BF for ≥ 2 mo vs none | 75-g OGTT WHO criteria, child every 2 years since age 5 y | 10–39 y | 30.1% vs 43.5%* | None |
| Pettitt et al. [35] | Longitudinal, 1978 | Not measured during pregnancy (n = 720) | Pima Indians | Exclusive BF for > 2 mo vs none | 75-g OGTT WHO criteria, prevalent T2DM | 10–39 y | 0.41 (0.18–0.93) | Age, sex, birth year, parental diabetes, relative weight, birth weight |
| Plagemann et al. [30] | Longitudinal, nonrandomized, 1980–1989 | T1DM 83, GDM 29 | Berlin, Germany | 1st–7th d of life donor-banked breast milk vs diabetic breast milk | IGT based on 2-h OGTT, 1.75-g glucose/kg of body weight | 2 y | 0.19 (0.05–0.70) | Birth weight, sex, age, gestational age, relative birth weight, maternal BMI, type of maternal DM |
| Rodekamp et al. [31] | Longitudinal, nonrandomized, 1980–1989 | T1DM 83, GDM 29 | Berlin, Germany | 2nd–4th wk of life donor-banked breast milk | IGT based on 2-h OGTT, 1.75-g glucose/kg of body weight | 2 y | 0.66 (0.22–2.02) | Volume of diabetic breast milk in 1st wk of life and others |
BF—breast-fed; BMI—body mass index; DM—diabetes mellitus; FPG—fasting plasma glucose; GDM—gestational diabetes mellitus; IGT—impaired glucose tolerance; OGTT—oral glucose tolerance test; T1DM—type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM—type 2 diabetes mellitus; WHO—World Health Organization.