Table 1.

Cell Therapy Approaches in Renal Failure

Cell therapy approach	Cell sourcing	Mode of Application	Need for immunosuppression?	Clinical Studies
MSC	autologous	injection portal vein, systemic administration	no	Phase I/II[42,43]
ES	allogeneic	to be determined	no	none to date
iPS	autologous	to be determined	no	none to date
Primary renal cells	allogeneic	encapsulated, extracorporeal circuit	no	Phase I/II [81,82]
Metanephroi	allogeneic/xenogeneic	implanted	yes	none to date