Table 2.

A selection of studies on the influence of atmospheric conditions on animal migration, including focal species or group, types of data used, geographic region of study, type of model, and relevant reference

Effects on migration	Species/group	Migration data	Meteorological variable: data source	Geographic region	Model type	References
Flight behavior: altitude	Nocturnal migratory birds	Tracking radar	Winda: radiosonde NCEP reanalysis data	Sahara	SC	Schmaljohann et al. 2009
Flight behavior: altitude	Soaring avian migrantsb	Motorized glider	Boundary layer height and vertical lift: boundary layer convective model	Israel	SD	Shamoun-Baranes et al. 2003b,c
Flight behavior: altitude	Nocturnal migratory insects	Radar	Various: numerical weather prediction model, the Unified Model	UK	SD	Wood et al. 2010
Take off decisions	Arctic geese	Ringing data	Onset of spring proxy: NDVIc	Palearctic flyway	DI	Bauer et al. 2008
Take off decisions	Bar tailed godwit	Satellite telemetry	Sea level pressure, winda: NCEP reanalysis data GEOS-5 global atmospheric model	Pacific ocean flyway	Descriptive no computer model	Gill et al. 2009
Take off decisions	Not relevant	None	Wind assistance or no assistance: no data	Not relevant	SC	Weber et al. 1998
Take off decisions	Green darners	Radio telemetry	Winda and temperature: weather station observations	Northeast USA	SD	Wikelski et al. 2006
Migration intensityd	Nocturnal migratory birds	Radar	Winda, barometric pressure, temperature, precipitation: weather station observations	The Netherlands	SD	van Belle et al. 2007
Migration intensityd	Nocturnal passerine migration	Radar and visual observations	Winda, temperature, synoptic weather index: weather station observations	Southeastern USA	SD	Able 1973
Migration intensity	Black-cherry aphids and diamond-back moths	Radar and insect traps	Winda: HIRLAM and ECMWF numerical weather prediction models	Finland	DC	Leskinen et al. 2009
Speed	Turkey vulture	Satellite telemetry	Wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, cloud height: North American regional reanalysis data	Eastern North American flyway	DD	Mandel et al. 2008
Speed	Red knots	Visual observations	Winda: NCEP reanalysis data	Afro–Siberian flyway	DI	Shamoun-Baranes et al. 2010
Direction/Orientation	Reed warbler	Radio telemetry	Winda: weather station observations	Sweden	SD	Åkesson et al. 2002
Direction/Orientation	Moths and butterflies	Radar	Winda: numerical weather prediction model, the Unified Model	UK	SD	Chapman et al. 2010
Timing	Soaring avian migrantsb	Visual observations, Satellite telemetry	Barometric pressure, temperature, precipitable water: NCEP reanalysis data	Western Palearctic (eastern) flyway	SC	Shamoun-Baranes et al. 2006
Timing	Passerine migrants	Ringing data	North Atlantic Oscillation	Europe and Scandinavia	SD	Jonzen et al. 2006
Arrival mass	Western sandpipers	Biometric measurements	Winda: weather station observations	North American Pacific Coast	DI	Butler et al. 1997
Route	Silver Y (noctuid moth)	Radar	Winda: numerical weather prediction model, the Unified Model	United Kingdom, Northwest Europe	DI	Chapman et al. 2010
Route	Golden Eagles	Visual observations	Wind (implicit): digital elevation model	Central Pennsylvania	DC	Brandes and Ombalski 2004
Survival	Simulated nocturnal passerine migrant	Literature	Winda: NCEP reanalysis data	Western Palearctic migration	DI	Erni et al. 2005
Mass, population dynamics	Houbara bustard Stonechat	Literature	Winter severity (implicit): no data	Not directly relevant	DC	Stöcker and Weihs 1998

Type of model is described in more detail in Table 1. The terms used in the column entitled ‘Effects on migration’ are adapted to roughly follow the framework provided in Fig. 1 for comparative purposes and, thus, do not always follow the exact terms used in the original study. Similarly, although many effects may be studied with one model, we generally highlight the effect that was the focus of the study. For suggestions on where to find different sources of meteorological data, some of which are mentioned in this table, see Table 3.

^aWind speed and direction.

^bWhite stork, honey buzzard, lesser spotted eagle.

^cNDVI, normalized difference vegetation index.

^dMigration intensity can also be considered a proxy for takeoff decisions.