Table 1.
Maternal characteristics and unadjusted risk ratio (RR) for perinatal death among 895 pregnant women enrolled in the PROMISE-EBF study in Banfora Health District.
| Variables | Number (%) n = 895 |
Perinatal deaths (N = 72) |
Number of births n = 915 |
PNMR Per 1000 births |
Unadjusted RR† [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area | |||||
| - Banfora | 440 (49.0) | 41 | 451 | 90.9 | 1.36 [0.7-2.4] |
| - Soubakénédougou | 221 (25.0) | 15 | 225 | 66.7 | 1 |
| - Sidéradougou | 234 (26.0) | 16 | 239 | 66.9 | 1.0 [0.5-2.0] |
| Maternal age | |||||
| - <20 | 148 (16.5) | 22 | 149 | 147.7 | 2.71 [1.0-6.9] |
| - 20-35 | 656 (73.3) | 45 | 674 | 66.8 | 1.22 [0.5-3.0] |
| - >35 | 91 (10.2) | 5 | 92 | 54.3 | 1 |
| Parity | |||||
| - 0 | 153 (17.0) | 19 | 154 | 123.4 | 2.19 [1.2-3.9] |
| - 1 | 146 (16.3) | 15 | 150 | 100.0 | 1.78 [0.9-3.3] |
| - 2-4 | 412 (46.0) | 24 | 425 | 56.5 | 1 |
| - ≥5 | 184 (20.7) | 14 | 186 | 75.3 | 1.33 [0.7-2.5] |
| Educational level | |||||
| - None |
720 (80.4) | 58 | 736 | 78.8 | 1.05 [0.4-2.8] |
| - Literacy/primary school | 120 (13.4) | 10 | 124 | 80.6 | 1.08 [0.3-3.3] |
| - Secondary school | 55 (06.2) | 4 | 55 | 72.7 | 1 |
| Use of media (radio, TV) | |||||
| - Everyday | 166 (18.6) | 9 | 169 | 53.3 | 1 |
| - Rare/None | 729 (81.4) | 63 | 746 | 84.5 | 1.58 [0.8-3.1] |
| Assets ownership (household) | |||||
| - Quintile 1 (most poor) | 191 (21.0) | 15 | 193 | 77.7 | 1.10 [0.4-2.9] |
| - Quintile 2 | 168 (19.0) | 22 | 175 | 125.7 | 1.78 [0.7-4.5] |
| - Quintile 3 | 189 (21.0) | 13 | 189 | 68.8 | 0.92 [0.3-2.5] |
| - Quintile 4 | 172 (19.0) | 9 | 180 | 50.0 | 0.87 [0.3-2.3] |
| - Quintile 5 (least poor) | 175 (20.0) | 13 | 178 | 73.0 | 1 |
| Distance to nearest health facility | |||||
| - ≤5 km | 429 (48.0) | 39 | 442 | 88.2 | 1.26 [0.8-2.0] |
| - >5 Km | 466 (52.0) | 33 | 473 | 69.8 | 1 |
| History of perinatal death‡ | |||||
| - Yes | 88 (09.8) | 9 | 90 | 100.0 | 1.52 [0.8-3.0] |
| - No | 654 (90.2) | 63 | 671 | 65.6 | 1 |
| Used bednet during pregnancy | |||||
| - Yes | 341 (38.1) | 26 | 349 | 74.5 | 1 |
| - No | 554 (61.9) | 46 | 566 | 81.3 | 1.10 [0.7-1.8] |
| Antenatal care visits | |||||
| - None | 253 (28.3) | 23 | 256 | 89.8 | 1.52 [0.7-3.1] |
| - 1-2 | 481 (53.7) | 39 | 492 | 79.3 | 1.33 [0.7-2.6] |
| - >2 | 161 (18.0) | 10 | 167 | 60.0 | 1 |
| Season of birth | |||||
| - Dry season (Nov-April) | 431 (48.0) | 47 | 440 | 106.8 | 2.02 [1.3-3.2] |
| - Rainy season (May-Oct) | 464 (52.0) | 25 | 475 | 52.6 | 1 |
| Place of birth | |||||
| - Health facility | 319 (36.0) | 26 | 326 | 79.8 | 1.02 [0.6-1.6] |
| - Home/TBA's place/other | 576 (64.0) | 46 | 589 | 78.1 | 1 |
| Birth attendants | |||||
| - Health personnel | 335 (37.0) | 26 | 342 | 76.0 | 1 |
| - TBA/Family/none | 560 (63.0) | 46 | 573 | 80.3 | 1.06 [0.7-1.7] |
| Had twins'birth | |||||
| - Yes | 20 (2.0) | 8 | 40 | 200.0 | 2.78 [1.4-5.3] |
| - No | 875 (98.0) | 64 | 875 | 73.1 | 1 |
†Univariable analyses adjusted for clustering to account for the design of the PROMISE-EBF Trial
‡Restricted to multiparous mothers