Table 1.
Characteristics of child deaths (between ages 1 to 4 years) and living controls (living children, ages 1 to 4), India 1998-1999.
| Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Deaths/Living Controls | Child Deaths/Living Controls | |||||||||||||
| (n = 1,568) | (n = 250,883) | (n = 1,996) | (n = 228,316) | |||||||||||
| n | % | PR* | (95% CI) | n | % | PR* | (95% CI) | |||||||
| Household demographics | ||||||||||||||
| Rural/Urban | ||||||||||||||
| Urban | 260/ | 56,800 | 16.6/ | 22.6 | 1.00 | 307/ | 51,340 | 15.4/ | 22.5 | 1.00 | ||||
| Rural | 1,308/ | 194,083 | 83.4/ | 77.4 | 1.30 | (1.04- | 1.51) | 1,689/ | 176,976 | 84.6/ | 77.5 | 1.22 | (1.04- | 1.44) |
| Education Head of household | ||||||||||||||
| Middle education or above | 212/ | 65,176 | 13.6/ | 26.2 | 1.00 | 282/ | 58,062 | 14.3/ | 25.6 | 1.00 | ||||
| Literate/Primary education | 394/ | 73,783 | 25.3/ | 29.6 | 1.40 | (1.15- | 1.70) | 499/ | 67,641 | 25.3/ | 29.8 | 1.21 | (1.02- | 1.44) |
| Illiterate | 952/ | 110,151 | 61.1/ | 44.2 | 2.04 | (1.70- | 2.45) | 1,194/ | 101,116 | 60.5/ | 44.6 | 1.67 | (1.43- | 1.95) |
| Religion | ||||||||||||||
| Hindu | 1,223/ | 196,205 | 78.1/ | 78.3 | 1.00 | 1,585/ | 177,719 | 79.5/ | 77.9 | 1.00 | ||||
| Muslim | 247/ | 36,231 | 15.8/ | 14.5 | 1.03 | (0.90- | 1.19) | 315/ | 33,887 | 15.8/ | 14.9 | 1.05 | (0.92- | 1.18) |
| Other | 96/ | 18,198 | 6.1/ | 7.3 | 1.04 | (0.84- | 1.28) | 95/ | 16,471 | 4.8/ | 7.2 | 0.84 | (0.68- | 1.04) |
| Living conditions | ||||||||||||||
| Number of siblings | ||||||||||||||
| 0 to 1 | 218/ | 41,313 | 14.1/ | 16.5 | 1.00 | 234/ | 37,159 | 11.9/ | 16.3 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 or 3 | 516/ | 105,196 | 33.3/ | 42.0 | 1.00 | (0.81- | 1.24) | 658/ | 94,592 | 33.5/ | 41.5 | 1.18 | (0.96- | 1.44) |
| 4 or more | 816/ | 103,690 | 52.7/ | 41.4 | 1.44 | (1.18- | 1.76) | 1,073/ | 95,989 | 54.6/ | 42.2 | 1.73 | (1.43- | 2.10) |
| Type of housea | ||||||||||||||
| Pucca | 404/ | 100,348 | 25.8/ | 40.0 | 1.00 | 529/ | 90,197 | 26.5/ | 39.6 | 1.00 | ||||
| Semi-pucca | 288/ | 48,809 | 18.4/ | 19.5 | 1.19 | (1.02- | 1.40) | 388/ | 44,067 | 19.5/ | 19.3 | 1.15 | (1.00- | 1.32) |
| Kuchha | 873/ | 101,441 | 55.8/ | 40.5 | 1.64 | (1.44- | 1.87) | 1,077/ | 93,785 | 54.0/ | 41.1 | 1.37 | (1.23- | 1.54) |
| Waterb | ||||||||||||||
| Clean | 1,208/ | 203,649 | 77.6/ | 81.5 | 1.00 | 1,596/ | 184,652 | 80.2/ | 81.2 | 1.00 | ||||
| Not clean | 348/ | 46,361 | 22.4/ | 18.5 | 1.19 | (1.05- | 1.34) | 395/ | 42,879 | 19.8/ | 18.9 | 1.01 | (0.90- | 1.14) |
| Latrinec | ||||||||||||||
| Inside - Dry Flush | 174/ | 32,696 | 11.1/ | 13.1 | 1.00 | 165/ | 29,728 | 8.3/ | 13.1 | 1.00 | ||||
| Inside - Flush | 145/ | 46,188 | 9.3/ | 18.5 | 0.71 | (0.56- | 0.90) | 144/ | 41,225 | 7.2/ | 18.1 | 0.72 | (0.58- | 0.91) |
| Outside | 167/ | 30,301 | 10.7/ | 12.1 | 0.93 | (0.75- | 1.16) | 216/ | 27,715 | 10.8/ | 12.2 | 1.32 | (1.07- | 1.62) |
| No latrine | 1,079/ | 141,140 | 69.0/ | 56.4 | 1.14 | (0.96- | 1.35) | 1,469/ | 129,194 | 73.7/ | 56.7 | 1.74 | (1.47- | 2.06) |
| Fuel use | ||||||||||||||
| Type of Fuel | ||||||||||||||
| Non-solid fuelsd | 204/ | 58,489 | 13.0/ | 23.3 | 1.00 | 230/ | 52,041 | 11.5/ | 22.8 | 1.00 | ||||
| Solid fuelse | ||||||||||||||
| Solid fuelse/Sep. kitchen | 599/ | 99,665 | 38.2/ | 39.7 | 1.22 | (1.01- | 1.48) | 756/ | 91,115 | 37.9/ | 39.9 | 1.24 | (1.04- | 1.48) |
| Solid fuelse/Non-sep kitchen | 767/ | 92,834 | 48.9/ | 37.0 | 1.43 | (1.18- | 1.73) | 1,010/ | 85,263 | 50.6/ | 37.3 | 1.49 | (1.24- | 1.78) |
| Allf | 1,366/ | 192,499 | 87.0/ | 76.7 | 1.30 | (1.08- | 1.56) | 1,766/ | 176,378 | 88.5/ | 77.2 | 1.33 | (1.12- | 1.58) |
* Estimated through Poisson regression, adjusted for age (in years), rural/urban, type of house, education of the head of the household, latrine type and number of siblings (as a continuous variable). a House types were categorized as follows: Pucca (high quality material - brick, wood - used for construction of roof, walls and floor), Semi-pucca (combination of high and low quality materials - mud thatch - in construction), and Kuchha (use of predominantly low quality materials). b Water was classified as clean when the major sources of drinking water were tap, hand-pump and tube-well/bore-well, as opposed to non-clean sources such as an open well, tank/pond, river/lake/spring. c Latrines were categorized as inside the house with a dry/chemical flush, inside the house with a regular flush, outside the house, and no latrine. d Non-solid fuels: kerosene, gas/natural gas, electricity and biogas; e Solid fuels: coal/coke/lignite, firewood, dung, and crop residue. f Exposed to solid fuels regardless of type of kitchen (estimated in a separated regression model).