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. 2010 Aug 11;9:19. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-9-19

Table 3.

Association (βs) from Ordinary Least Squares and Multilevel Linear Regression Models (Main Effects) between Child Stunting (Height for Age) and Household Socio-Economic Status, controlling for various other covariates; Fifteen Major States, India, NFHS-3

Model parameters OLS Null_model Model_Kids Model_Mom Model_Full Model_Random_Slope
Exp (B) (SE)
HH Asset Quintile
Poorest -0.181***
(0.026)		 - -0.296***
(0.027)		 -0.180***
(0.027)		 -0.183***
(0.028)		 -0.185***
(0.028)
Richest 0.311***
(0.029)		 - 0.548***
(0.027)		 0.296***
(0.030)		 0.314***
(0.031)		 0.310***
(0.031)
Controls
Individual Characteristics
Child_age (in months) -0.085***
(0.002)		 - -0.091***
(0.002)		 -0.088***
(0.002)		 -0.089***
(0.002)		 -0.089***
(0.002)
Child_age2 0.001***
(0.000)		 - 0.001***
(0.000)		 0.001***
(0.000)		 0.001***
(0.000)		 0.001***
(0.000)
Sex_male -0.005
(0.019)		 - -0.012
(0.018)		 -0.012
(0.018)		 -0.012
(0.018)		 -0.012
(0.018)
Order_of_birth -0.016***
(0.006)		 - -0.041***
(0.006)		 -0.018**
(0.006)		 -0.016**
(0.006)		 -0.016**
(0.006)
Size_at_birth 0.258***
(0.024)		 - 0.296***
(0.023)		 0.271***
(0.023)		 0.265***
(0.024)		 0.265***
(0.024)
Suffered_recent_illness -0.021
(0.026)		 -0.018
(0.026)		 -0.025
(0.026)		 -0.027
(0.027)		 -0.026
(0.027)
Recommended_feed 0.042*
(0.021)		 - 0.043*
(0.021)		 0.045*
(0.021)		 0.050*
(0.021)		 0.050*
(0.021)
Completed_immunization 0.007
(0.022)		 - 0.090***
(0.022)		 0.017
(0.022)		 0.014
(0.022)		 0.015
(0.022)
Mothers' characteristics
Years_education 0.034***
(0.003)		 - - 0.036***
(0.003)		 0.032***
(0.003)		 0.031***
(0.003)
BMI_mother 0.026***
(0.003)		 - - 0.029***
(0.003)		 0.025***
(0.003)		 0.026***
(0.003)
Suffer_anemia 0.113***
(0.025)		 - - 0.104***
(0.026)		 0.107***
(0.026)		 0.107***
(0.026)
Treatment_self_noprob -0.054
(0.038)		 - - -0.046
(0.039)		 -0.050
(0.040)		 -0.049
(0.040)
Institutional_birth 0.087***
(0.024)		 - - 0.112***
(0.024)		 0.075**
(0.025)		 0.075***
(0.025)
Household characteristics
Ethnicity_SCST -0.104***
(0.022)		 - - - -0.120***
(0.024)		 -0.121***
(0.024)
Rural_residence -0.135***
(0.023)		 - - - -0.147***
(0.026)		 -0.145***
(0.026)
States
Haryana -0.129*
(0.065)		 - -0.184*
(0.083)		 -0.103
(0.078)		 -0.122
(0.078)		 -0.120
(0.078)
Rajasthan 0.161***
(0.060)		 - 0.093
(0.077)		 0.187**
(0.072)		 0.160*
(0.073)		 0.162*
(0.073)
Uttar Pradesh -0.255***
(0.052)		 - -0.237***
(0.065)		 -0.215***
(0.062)		 -0.259***
(0.062)		 -0.258***
(0.062)
Bihar -0.165***
(0.060)		 - -0.179**
(0.077)		 -0.115
(0.072)		 -0.167*
(0.073)		 -0.164*
(0.073)
Assam 0.131
(0.071)		 - 0.115
(0.082)		 0.126
(0.077)		 0.153
(0.083)		 0.153
(0.083)
West Bengal 0.142*
(0.060)		 0.209**
(0.072)		 0.186**
0.068)		 0.162*
(0.070		 0.165***
(0.070)
Orissa 0.116
(0.062)		 - 0.126
(0.077)		 0.123
(0.073)		 0.127
(0.073)		 0.134
(0.074)
Madhya Pradesh 0.025
(0.056)		 - 0.062
(0.071)		 0.069
(0.067)		 0.032
(0.067)		 0.034
(0.067)
Gujarat -0.307***
(0.063)		 - -0.281***
(0.079)		 -0.272***
(0.074)		 -0.314***
(0.075)		 -0.311***
(0.075)
Maharashtra -0.161***
(0.058)		 - -0.012
(0.070)		 -0.101
(0.067)		 -0.156*
(0.068)		 -0.153*
(0.068)
Andhra Pradesh -0.013
(0.060)		 - 0.103
(0.074)		 0.041
(0.070)		 -0.010 -0.005
(0.070)
Karnataka -0.031
(0.063)		 - 0.074
(0.076)		 0.027
(0.073)		 -0.002 0.001
(0.074)
Kerala -0.021
(0.072)		 0.229**
(0.083)		 0.031
(0.079)		 -0.005 0.000
(0.082)
Tamil Nadu 0.377***
(0.062)		 - 0.54***
(0.075)		 0.405***
(0.071)		 0.385***
(0.072)		 0.385***
(0.072)
_cons -1.291***
(0.095)		 1.593***
(0.014)		 -0.184***
(0.083)		 -1.471***
(0.094)		 -1.200***
(0.102)		 -1.208***
(0.102)
N 23099 24896 24541 23939 23099 23099
- 2 log likelihood (R2 0.170) -45882.64 -43383.54 -42042.3 -40559.133 -40553.034
X2statistics 152.390 - 4123.31 4657.03 4575.07 4527.58
P value 0.000 - 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Significant at *** p < .001, ** p <.01, *p < .05