Table 1.

Characteristics of pregnant women enrolled in the study.

Characteristic	Control (n= 245)		GDM (n= 213)		PGDM (n= 54)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Age in years
19 to <30	72	29.4	53	24.9	11	20.4
30 to <40	138	56.3	125	58.7	35	64.8
40 to 50	35	14.3	35	16.4	8	14.8
Mean (standard deviation)	32.8 (5.9)		33.4 (6.0)		33.5 (5.8)
Range	20-46		20-50		19-45
Gravidity
1-3	43	17.6	38	17.8	8	14.8
4-6	50	20.4	49	23.0	8	14.8
≥7	152	62.0	126	59.2	38	70.4
Mean (standard deviation)	7.6 (3.7)		7.4 (3.6)		8.5 (3.8)
Range	1-18		1-18		1-15
Parity
1-3	80	32.6	80	37.6	11	20.4
4-6	21	8.6	18	8.5	5	9.3
≥7	144	58.8	115	54.0	38	70.4
Mean (standard deviation)	6.2 (3.5)		5.9 (3.5)		7.0 (3.6)
Range	0-17		0-14		0-14
Body mass index
< 25	51	20.8	19	8.9	4	7.4
25-	93	38.0	42	19.7	9	16.7
≥30	101	41.2	152	71.4	41	75.9
Mean (standard deviation)	29.3 (5.0)		33.2 (5.8)		34.8 (6.4)
Range	19.2-45.4		19.3-48.8		22.6-53.5