Table 3.
Estimated risk of birth complications and outcomes among enrolled women, adjusted for body mass index and hypertension.
| Birth complication and outcome | Control (n= 245) | GDM (n= 213) | OR (95% CI) | PGDM (n= 54) | OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |||
| Type of delivery | ||||||||
| Spontaneous vaginala | 203 | 82.9 | 141 | 66.2 | 1.00 | 32 | 59.3 | 1.00 |
| Assisted | 21 | 8.6 | 16 | 7.5 | 0.52 (0.20-1.31) | 2 | 3.7 | 0.51 (0.06-4.07) |
| Cesarean | 21 | 8.6 | 56 | 26.3 | 2.70 (1.17-4.03) | 20 | 37.0 | 4.39 (1.68, 11.49) |
| Condition of perineumb | ||||||||
| Intacta | 174 | 77.7 | 118 | 75.2 | 1.00 | 31 | 91.2 | 1.00 |
| Episiotomy | 9 | 4.0 | 7 | 4.5 | 1.23 (0.39-3.93) | 1 | 2.9 | 1.42 (0.17-12.15) |
| Tear | 41 | 18.3 | 32 | 20.4 | 0.97 (0.54-1.76) | 2 | 5.9 | 0.26 (0.03-2.02) |
| Infant maturity | ||||||||
| Full-terma | 225 | 91.8 | 184 | 86.4 | 1.00 | 50 | 92.6 | 1.00 |
| Preterm | 19 | 7.8 | 29 | 13.6 | 0.92 (0.43-1.96) | 4 | 7.4 | 0.77 (0.16-3.58) |
| Post-term | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Birth weight | ||||||||
| Normala | 219 | 89.4 | 161 | 75.6 | 1.00 | 33 | 61.1 | 1.00 |
| Low birth weight | 16 | 6.5 | 18 | 8.5 | 0.96 (0.39-2.37) | 3 | 5.6 | 1.51 (0.32-7.20) |
| High birth weight | 10 | 4.1 | 34 | 16.0 | 3.03 (1.36-6.75) | 18 | 33.3 | 7.20 (2.30-22.61) |
| Apgar score (1 minute) | ||||||||
| ≥ 7a | 220 | 89.8 | 166 | 77.9 | 1.00 | 41 | 75.9 | 1.00 |
| < 7 | 25 | 10.2 | 47 | 22.1 | 1.63 (0.88, 3.02) | 13 | 24.1 | 1.89 (0.66-5.40) |
| Congenital anomalies | ||||||||
| Absenta | 235 | 95.9 | 194 | 91.1 | 1 | 51 | 94.4 | 1 |
| Present | 10 | 4.1 | 19 | 8.9 | 1.62 (0.65-4.10) | 3 | 5.6 | 1.51 (0.29-7.94) |
| Infant outcome | ||||||||
| Favorablea | 238 | 97..1 | 198 | 93.0 | 1 | 52 | 96.3 | 1 |
| Unfavorable | 7 | 2.9 | 15 | 7.0 | 1.26 (0.41-3.91) | 2 | 3.7 | 0.00 (0.0) |
| Still birth | 6 | 2.5 | 3 | 1.4 | 1 | 1.6 | ||
| Birth asphyxia | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Respiratory distress | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 2.8 | 1 | 1.6 | ||
| Shoulder dystocia | 1 | 0.4 | 3 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Admission to SCBU | ||||||||
| Noa | 214 | 87.4 | 141 | 66.2 | 1 | 27 | 50.0 | 1 |
| Yes | 31 | 12.7 | 72 | 33.9 | 2.85 (1.68-4.83) | 27 | 50.0 | 5.70 (2.40-13.51) |
a
Reference category;
b
Excluding cesarean delivery.