Table 1. Summary of Intervention Studies for Parental Depression.

Intervention	Toddler-Parent Psychotherapy (TPP)	Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (GCBT)	Cognitive-Behavioral Family Intervention (CBFI)	Parenting Psychoeducation Group
Article(s)	a) Cicchetti et al., 1999 [10] b) Cicchetti et al., 2000 [12] c) Toth et al., 2006 [11]	Verduyn et al., 2003 [13]	Sanders & McFarland, 2000 [14]	Sanford et al., 2003 [25]
Country	U.S.	United Kingdom	Australia	Canada
Intervention Type	Dyadic psychotherapy	Group CBT for parents	Multi-component CBT family intervention	Parenting Psychoeducation group
Sample Size	a) 108 mothers and their toddlers b) 158 mothers and their toddlers c) 130 mothers and their toddlers	119 mothers and their children	47 families	44 families
Children Age Range	a) & c) approximately 20 months at start of intervention to 3 years at end of intervention b) approximately 18 months at start of intervention to 3 years at end of intervention	2.5-4 years	3-9 years	6-13 years
Race/SES	a) 95% white; 74% in highest two SES levels on Hollingshead’s four factor index; 52.8% of mothers were college graduates or had advanced degrees b) 92.4% white; 73.4% in 2 highest SES levels according to Hollingshead’s four factor index; 53.8% of mothers were college graduates or had advanced degrees c) 92.9% white; 72.7% in 2 highest SES levels according to Hollingshead’s four factor index; 54.5% of mothers were college graduates	15 - 26% were single mothers across conditions; 67.6 - 83.3% was educated to 16 years of age across conditions	Mean sociodemographic disadvantage was low.	27% upper middle class; 50% middle class; 23% lower-middle class
Inclusion Criteria	a), b) & c) Parent: history of MDD at some point since birth of their child; at least a high school education; could not be on public assistance. Child: None besides age	Parent: score of 15 or greater on the Beck Depression Inventory; must live with their child; English is their first language; and no other major psychiatric disorder besides depression. Child: no major developmental problems; and behavior problems 8 or greater on the Behavior Screening Questionnaire	Parent: MDD Child: CD or ODD	Parent: MDD diagnosis by referring physician; currently under medical care for MDD; not currently manic, psychotic or acutely suicidal; able to participate in a group child: none besides age
Assessments (Time)	a), b) & c) Pre- and post-intervention	Pre- and post-intervention and 6- and 12-month follow-up	Pre- and post-intervention & 6 months post-intervention	Pre- and post-intervention and 8 weeks post- intervention
Intervention	Preventive Intervention Project (PIP)	Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT)	Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Mothers (IPT-MOMs)	Coping with Depression (CWD)
Article(s)	a) Beardslee et al.,1992 [15] b) Beardslee et al., 1993 [16] c) Beardslee et al., 1996 [318 d) Beardslee et al., 1997a [19] e) Beardslee et al., 1997b [17] f) Beardslee et al., 1997c [22] g) Podorefsky et al., 2001 [23] h) Beardslee et al., 2003 [20] i) Beardslee et al., 2007 [21]	Ha & Oh, 2006 [24]	Swartz et al., 2008 [27]	a) Clarke et al., 2001 [29] b) Clarke et al., 2002 [28]
Country	U.S.	Korea	U.S.	U.S.
Intervention Type	Family based psychoeducation	Parent psycho- education, CBT, & behavioral parenting group	Individual Psychotherapy	Group CBT for adolescents & group parent informational sessions
Sample Size	a) 7 families b) 12 families c) 28 families d) & e) 37 families f) 36 families g) 16 families h) 93 families i) 105 families	34 mothers	47 families	a) 123 adolescents b) 472 adolescents
Children Age Range	a), b), & c) 8-14 years d), e), f), h), & i) 8-15 years g) not described	5-12 years	6-18 years	13-18 years
Race/SES	a) top 2 SES on Hollingshead-Redlich classification b) & i) not provided c) mean of 2.34 Hollingshead social class (range 1-4) d) & e) predominantly white middle class f) mostly middle class and Caucasian g) 100% ethnic minority, low-income h) top 2 SES on Hollingshead-Redlich classification; 77% with income > $40,000; 93.6% White	Not provided	79% Caucasian; income- 26.5% <$15,000, 47% between $15,000-50,000 & 26.5% >$50,000	a) 88.5% white; 32.2% of parents were college graduates; 89.6% of parents were employed b) 90.8% white; 23.3% of parents were college graduates; 74.7% of parents were employed
Inclusion Criteria	a) Parent: history of affective disorder in recent past, no schizophrenia or organic brain damage; no current drug/alcohol addiction, treating professional; no current life crisis. Children: not currently seriously disturbed. b) Parent: MDE or Manic episode within last year; no schizophrenia or organic brain damage; no current drug/alcohol addiction; treating professional; no serious family crisis. Child: not currently seriously disturbed or in treatment for psychiatric disorder c) Parent: MDE or Manic episode within last year, no schizophrenia; no substance abuse; no marital crisis. Child: not currently ill; never treated for depression d) Parent: MDE or manic episode within 18 month; no schizophrenia; no current severe marital crisis or other crises, current marital or family therapy more than once a month; no current substance abuse. Children: never affectively ill; never treated for an affective disorder; not currently in treatment e) & f) Parent: MDE or manic episode within 18 months; no schizophrenia; no current severe marital crisis or other crises; not currently in marital or family therapy more than once a month; no current substance abuse. Child: never treated for affective disorder g) Parent: depression diagnoses. Child: not provided h) Parent: mood disorder episode within 18 months no serious current substance abuse or dependence, no current schizophrenia, no current severe marital or life crises, not currently in marital or family therapy more than twice a month. Child: never diagnosed or treated with mood disorder i) Parent: mood disorder episode within 18 months, no serious current substance abuse or dependence, no current schizophrenia, no current severe marital or life crises, not currently in marital or family therapy more than twice a month. Child: no current or past MDD	Parent: elevated depressive symptoms, elevated parenting stress Child: in treatment for psychosocial adjustment problem	Parent: 18-65 years old; current MDD; score of 15 or greater on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; biological or adoptive mother and custodial parent; must currently be living with child; not at serious risk for child abuse or neglect; no substance abuse within the preceding 6 months; not actively suicidal; no psychotic disorder; no borderline or antisocial personality disorder; not unstable medical condition that could affect assessment of mood; not currently in individual therapy. Child: receiving treatment for internalizing or externalizing disorder	a) Parent: 30-65 year old HMO plan members with current or recent (past 12 months) depression; live close to study center. Adolescent: high levels of depressive symptoms; no current depression diagnosis b) Parent: 30-65 year old HMO plan members in current or recent (past 12 months) with current or recent (past 12 months) depression; live close to study center. Adolescent: current diagnosis of depression
Assessments (Time)	a), b), e) & g) Pre- and post-intervention c) 6-8 weeks post-intervention, 12-18 months post- intervention, 2.75 - 3 years post-intervention d) Pre- and post- intervention and 1.5 years after enrollment f) Pre-intervention and 1.5 years after enrollment h) 1 year and 2.5 years post-intervention i) 4.5 post intervention	Pre- and post- intervention; 3months post- intervention with intervention group only	Pre- and post- intervention and approximately 3 months post-intervention	a) & b) Pre- and post- intervention and follow-ups at 12 and 24 months post- intervention

Notes: SES=Socioeconomic status, CBT=Cognitive Behavioral Treatment, MDD=Major Depressive Disorder, CD=Conduct Disorder, ODD=Oppositional Defiant Disorder, MDE= Major Depressive Episode, HMO=Health Maintenance Organization.