Table 3.

Relation between Family Income and Offspring Conduct Problems Using Quasi-Experimental and Statistical Controls

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6a
Variable	b	se	b	se	b	se	b	se	b	se	b	se
Family Income (Ages 0–11)
Unrelated Individuals
Linear	−.30*	.02	−.21*	.02	−.34*	.03	−.34*	.03	−.27*	.03	−.29*	.05
Quadratic	−.06*	.01	−.04*	.01	−.06*	.01	−.06*	.01	−.04*	.01	−.03	.01
Linear*Child Sex	.07*	.02	.07*	.02	.09*	.04	.09*	.04	.09*	.04	.11	.07
Cousin Comparison
Linear					−.24*	.07	−.26*	.06	−.23*	.07	−.24*	.09
Quadratic					−.04*	.02	−.04	.02	−.03	.06	−.04	.04
Linear*Child Sex					.04	.07	.05	.07	.07	.07	.10	.13
Sibling Comparison
Linear							−.15*	.03	−.07*	.03	−.06	.05
Quadratic							−.04*	.01	−.02	.01	−.01	.01
Linear*Child Sex							.07*	.02	.07*	.02	.07	.03
Family Race/Ethnicity
African-American			.15*	.04					.14*	.04	.12	.06
Hispanic			.05	.04					.04	.04	.11	.06
Maternal Covariates
Cognitive Ability			.03	.02					.03	.02	.07	.03
Years of Education			−.02	.01					−.01	.01	−.01	.01
Adolescent Delinquency			.06*	.01					.06*	.01	.06*	.02
Age at First Childbirth			−.02*	.00					−.02*	.00	−.01*	.00
Binge Drinking			−.02	.04					−.03	.03	−.02	.06
Alcohol Abuse/Depend.			.11*	.03					.11*	.03	.13*	.05
Child-Specific Covariates
Child Sex	−.31*	.02	−.31*	.02	−.31*	.02	−.31*	.02	−.31*	.02	−.29*	.03
Birth Order			−.07*	.01					−.08*	.01	−.09*	.01

Note: Parameters are raw regression coefficients. Family income and offspring conduct problems are distributed as z-scores.

^aThe model was fit to 4570 offspring from families that only included full siblings.

See note on Table 1 (and the text) for a description of the measures (maternal cognitive ability was converted to a z-score before the analyses, for easier interpretation of the regression coefficients).