Direct effect of kisspeptin on POMC neurons. A, In the presence of TTX (0.5 μm), AP5 (50 μm), CNQX (10 μm), and BIC (30 μm), kisspeptin (1 μm) depolarized a POMC cell. The membrane potential value under the trace indicates the membrane potential before applying kisspeptin. B1–B3, Responses of a POMC cell to current injection from −70 to 0 pA before (B1) and during (B2) application of kisspeptin (1 μm) and the current–voltage relationship of POMC cells before and during kisspeptin (1 μm) (B3). C, Spontaneous EPSCs of a POMC cell during control, kisspeptin (1 μm), and washout period. EPSCs were recorded at a holding potential of −60 mV in the presence of BIC (30 μm). D, Bar graph showing that kisspeptin does not change the frequency of EPSCs. E, Spontaneous IPSCs of a POMC cell during control, kisspeptin (1 μm), and washout period. IPSCs were recorded at a holding potential of −60 mV in the presence of AP5 (50 μm) and CNQX (10 μm). F, Bar graph showing that kisspeptin does not change the frequency of IPSCs. Error bars indicate SEM.