CD86 upregulation is cAMP, PKA, and PKC-dependent, but Ca2+-independent. BMDM were left non-treated or treated with 1 μg/ml LPS or 25 μg of MV with or without additional treatment of 10 μM intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA/AM in A, 50 μM PKC inhibitor Bisindolylmaleimide I HCl (BIM) in B, 10 μM adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL-12330A in C, or 10 μM PKA inhibitor H-89 in D, for 18 hours. Surface CD86 MFI ± SEM of n=3 are shown.