Table 2.
Prostate biopsy nomograms for prediction of prostate cancer in settings other than initial biopsy
| Reference | Year | Prediction form | No of Patients | Variables | Median # of previous biopsy sessions | Mean # of cores | Cancer detection | Discrimination | Validation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Repeat biopsy | |||||||||
| O’Dowd et al. [123] | 2000 | Probability nomogram development | 813 | Age, initial biopsy diagnosis, PSA, percent free PSA | Not available | Not available | 29% | 70% | Not performed |
| Lopez-Corona et al. [56] | 2003 | Probability nomogram development | 343 | Age, DRE, number previous negative biopsies, HGPIN history, ASAP history, PSA, PSA slope, family history, months from initial negative biopsy | 2.9 (2–12) | 9.2 (6–22) | 20% | 70% | Internal |
| Remzi et al. [124] | 2003 | Neural network | 820 | PSA, percent free PSA, TRUS, PSA density, PSA density of the transition zone, transition zone volume | Not available | 8 | 10% | 83% | Not performed |
| Yanke et al. [57] | 2005 | Probability nomogram validation [56] | 230 (356 biopsies) | Age, DRE, number previous negative biopsies, HGPIN history, ASAP history, PSA, PSA slope, family history, months from initial negative biopsy, months from previous negative biopsy | 2.6 (2–7) | 17.9 (12–54) | 34% | 71% | Internal |
| Chun et al. [58] | 2007 | Probability nomogram development | 2393 | Age, DRE, PSA, percent free PSA, number previous negative biopsies, sampling density* | 1.5 (1–7) | 11 (10–24) | 30% | 76% | Internal and external |
|
Saturation biopsy | |||||||||
| Walz et al. [125] | 2006 | Probability nomogram development | 161 | Age, PSA, percent free PSA, prostate and BPH volume, PSA doubling time, PSA density of the transition zone, number of previous biopsy sessions, number of cores at saturation biopsy | 2.5 (2–5) | 24.5 (20–32) | 41% | 75% | Internal |
|
Mixed – Initial and repeat biopsy | |||||||||
| Snow et al. [17] | 1994 | Neural network | 1787 | Age, change on PSA, DRE, PSA, TRUS | Not available | 6 | 34% | 87% | Not performed |
| Carlson et al. [126] | 1998 | Probability table | 3773 | Age, PSA, Percent free PSA | Not available | 6 | 33% | Not available | Internal |
| Djavan et al. [127] | 2002 | Neural network | 272 | PSA density of the transition zone, percent free PSA, PSA density, TRUS (PSA: 2.5–4.0 ng/mL) | Not available | 8 | 24% | 88% | Not performed |
| 974 | PSA density of the transition zone, percent free PSA, PSA velocity, transition zone volume, PSA, PSA density (PSA: 4.0–10.0 ng/mL) | Not available | 8 | 35% | 91% | Not performed | |||
| Stephan et al. [128] | 2002 | Neural network | 1188 | Age, DRE, PSA, percent free PSA, TRUS | Not available | Not available | 61% | 86% | Not performed |
| Porter et al. [129] | 2002 | Neural network | 319 | Age, PSA, gland volume, TRUS, DRE, previous negative biopsy, African-American race | Not available | 9.7 (6–10) | 39% | 76% | Not performed |
| Matsui et al. [130] | 2004 | Neural network | 228 | PSA density, DRE, age, TRUS | Not available | 10–12 | 26% | 73% | Not performed |
| Benecchi [131] | 2006 | Neural network | 1030 | Age, PSA, percent free PSA | Not available | 6–12 | 19% | 80% | Not performed |
| Yanke et al. [132] | 2006 | Probability nomogram development | 8851 | Age, race, PSA, DRE, number of cores | Not available | 6–13 | 27–38% | 75% | Internal |
DRE = digital rectal examination; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; TRUS = transrectal ultrasound prostate; HGPIN = high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; ASAP = atypical small acinar proliferation of prostate.
*
Sampling density = ratio of TRUS-derived total gland volume by the number of cores at biopsy