Table 3.

Prediction of pathologic stage in men treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer

Reference	Year	Prediction form	Outcome	No of Patients	Variables	Discrimination	Validation
Narayan et al. [133]	1995	Probability graph	Pathologic Stage	813	Biopsy based stage, biopsy Gleason sum, PSA	Not available	Not performed
Partin et al. [18, 19, 134]	1993, 1997, and 2007	Probability table	Pathologic Stage	703 and 4133	Biopsy Gleason sum, clinical stage, PSA	Internal: 72% External: 84%	External [135] and updated [19, 61, 136]
Epstein et al. [137]	1994	Risk group	Clinically indolent cancer defined as pathologically organ confined, tumor volume ≤ 0.2 cc, Gleason sum < 7)	157	Biopsy Gleason sum, millimeter core with cancer, PSA density, no adverse pathologic findings on needle biopsy	Not available	External [138]
Goto et al. [139]	1996	Risk group	Clinically indolent cancer defined as pathologically organ confined, tumor volume ≤0.5 cc, Gleason sum < 7)	569	PSA density, maximal millimeter cancer in any core	Not available	Not performed
Kattan et al. [70]	2003	Probability nomogram development	Clinically indolent cancer defined as pathologically organ confined, tumor volume ≤0.5 cc, no Gleason grade 4 or 5	409	PSA, primary and secondary biopsy Gleason sum	64%	Internal and external [29]
					PSA, primary and secondary biopsy Gleason sum, percent positive cores, TRUS volume	74%	Internal and external [29]
					PSA, clinical stage, primary and secondary biopsy Gleason sum, TRUS volume, millimeter core with cancer, millimeter core without cancer	79%	Internal and external [29]
Chun et al. [140]	2006	Probability nomogram development	Gleason upgrading between biopsy and radical prostatectomy	2982	PSA, clinical stage, primary and secondary biopsy Gleason sum	80%	Internal
Chun et al. [141]	2006	Probability nomogram development	Significant Gleason upgrading between biopsy and radical prostatectomy	4789	PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum	76%	Internal
Steuber et al. [142]	2006	Probability nomogram development	Tumor location: transition versus peripheral zone	945	PSA, biopsy Gleason sum, positive biopsy cores at mid-prostate only, number of positive biopsy cores at base, cumulative percent biopsy tumor volume	77%	Internal
Peller et al. [143]	1995	Probability table	Tumor volume	102	Biopsy Gleason sum, number positive sextant cores, PSA	Not available	Not performed
Ackerman et al. [144]	1993	Probability formula	Surgical margin positivity	107	Number positive sextant cores, PSA density	70%	Not performed
Rabbani et al. [145]	1998	Probability graph	Surgical margin positivity	242	Androgen deprivation, number ipsilateral positive cores, PSA	Not available	Not performed
Bostwick et al. [146]	1996	Probability graph	Capsular penetration	314	Biopsy Gleason sum, percent cancer in biopsy cores, PSA	78%	Not performed
Gamito et al. [147]	2000	Neural network	Capsular penetration	4133	Age, race, PSA, PSA velocity, Gleason sum, clinical stage	30–76%	External
Gilliland et al. [148]	1999	Probability graph	Extracapsular extension	3826	Age, biopsy Gleason sum, PSA	63%	Not performed
Ohori et al. [62]	2004	Probability nomogram development	Side-specific extracapsular extension	763	PSA, clinical stage, side-specific biopsy Gleason sum, side-specific percent positive cores, side-specific percent of cancer in cores	81%	External [63]
Steuber et al. [63]	2006	Probability nomogram development	Side-specific extracapsular extension	1118	PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum, percent positive cores, percent of cancer in positive cores	84%	Internal
Veltri et al. [149] Haese et al. [150]	2001, 2003	Ordinal logistic regression and neural network	Organ confined disease	1287	Age, PSA, No of cores positive, highest Gleason score, average % tumor involvement per core, presence of Gleason pattern 4/5, midcore with >5% tumor, base and/or midcore with >5% tumor	93–98.6%	External
Badalament et al. [151]	1996	Probability formula	Organ confined disease	192	Biopsy Gleason sum, involvement of greater than 5% of base with or without apex biopsy, nuclear grade, PSA, total percent tumor involvement	86%	Not performed
Bostwick et al. [146]	1996	Probability graph	Seminal vesicle invasion	314	Biopsy Gleason sum, percent cancer in cores, PSA	76%	Not performed
Pisansky et al. [152]	1996	Probability graph	Seminal vesicle invasion	2953	Biopsy Gleason primary grade, clinical stage, PSA	80%	Internal
Koh et al. [64]	2003	Probability nomogram development	Seminal vesicle invasion	763	PSA, clinical stage, primary and secondary Gleason sum, and percent of cancer at the base	88%	Internal
Baccala et al. [153]	2007	Probability nomogram development	Seminal vesicle invasion	6740	Age, PSA, Biopsy Gleason sum, clinical stage	80%	Internal
Gallina et al. [65]	2007	Probability nomogram development	Seminal vesicle invasion	896	PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum, percent positive biopsy cores	79%	Internal and external
Ackerman et al. [144]	1993	Probability formula	Lymph node invasion assessed with limited pelvic lymphadenectomy	107	Number positive sextant cores, PSA	94%	Not performed
Roach et al. [154]	1994	Probability graph	Lymph node invasion assessed with limited pelvic lymphadenectomy	212	Biopsy Gleason sum, PSA	Not available	Not performed
Bluestein et al. [155]	1994	Probability graph	Lymph node invasion assessed with limited pelvic lymphadenectomy	816	Biopsy Gleason sum, clinical stage, PSA	82%	Internal
Batuello et al. [156]	2001	Neural network	Lymph node invasion assessed with limited pelvic lymphadenectomy	6454	Biopsy Gleason sum, clinical stage, PSA	77–81%	Internal and external
Cagiannos et al. [66]	2003	Probability nomogram development	Lymph node invasion assessed with limited pelvic lymphadenectomy	5510	PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum	76%	Internal
					PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum, institution	78%	Internal
Briganti et al. [67, 157, 158]	2006, 2007	Probability nomogram development	Lymph node invasion assessed with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy (≥10 nodes)	602 [67]	PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum	76%	Internal
				781 [157]	PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum, number of lymph nodes	79%	Internal
				278 [158]	PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum, percentage positive biopsy cores	83%	Internal

PSA = prostate-specific antigen; TRUS = transrectal ultrasound;