FIGURE 2.

Effects on bacterial membranes. A, binding of TFPI to bacterial surfaces. The indicated bacteria (1–2 × 10⁹ cfu/ml) were incubated with 3 μm 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine-labeled GGL27 peptide in 500 μl of human plasma, and samples were analyzed by FACS. B, permeabilizing effects of peptides on E. coli. Bacteria were incubated with the indicated peptides, and permeabilization was assessed using the impermeant probe FITC. C, electron microscopy analysis. P. aeruginosa bacteria were incubated for 2 h at 37 °C with 30 μm of LIK17 and LL-37 and visualized by negative staining. Scale bar, 1 μm. Control, buffer control.