Table 4.
Group Comparisons for Executive Function Components
| Planned Contrasts | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 24) |
WRD (n = 44) |
S-RCD (n = 18) |
Omnibus ANCOVA |
WRD Versus Control |
S-RCD Versus Control |
||||||||
| EF Component/Factor | Tests Loading on Factor | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | p | η2p | p | η2p | p | η2p |
|
Planning/Spatial Working Memory Factor |
0.41 | 0.77 | −0.65 | 0.97 | −0.43 | 1.23 | .048 | .074 | .15 | .03 | .05 | .10 | |
| Mazes | 11.25 | 2.70 | 9.43 | 3.16 | 8.89 | 3.77 | .13 | .06 | |||||
| Trail Making | 10.09 | 2.64 | 7.64 | 3.95 | 8.05 | 3.56 | .13 | .06 | |||||
| Tower | 11.00 | 2.30 | 9.86 | 2.26 | 8.83 | 2.04 | .02 | .14 | |||||
| Spatial Span | 10.08 | 1.98 | 9.17 | 2.68 | 8.00 | 3.51 | .04 | .11 | |||||
|
Verbal Working Memory Factor |
0.54 | 1.02 | −0.34 | 0.89 | 0.02 | 0.95 | .013 | .104 | .01 | .11 | .31 | .03 | |
| Digit Span | 10.73 | 2.09 | 8.15 | 2.26 | 9.33 | 2.61 | .00 | .15 | |||||
| Sentence Span | 6.15 | 1.94 | 5.28 | 2.08 | 5.35 | 1.45 | .19 | .03 | |||||
|
Response Inhibition Factor |
−0.35 | 0.69 | −0.20 | 0.93 | −0.11 | 1.38 | .053 | .072 | .03 | .08 | .06 | .09 | |
| Conflicting | 43.04 | 2.66 | 41.24 | 3.63 | 40.82 | 4.16 | .02 | .08 | .04 | .10 | |||
| Contralateral | 43.74 | 1.84 | 43.08 | 2.54 | 43.35 | 3.97 | .67 | .00 | .68 | .00 | |||
Note: Figures in bold represent statistically significant values (p<.05).All ANCOVAs are controlling for socioeconomic status (Hollingshead Index) and Conners’ Parent Rating Form Revised, DSM-IV:Total Score. EF = executive function;WRD = word recognition deficits; S-RCD = specific reading comprehension deficit. Digit Span = Digit Span Backward Span Scaled Score (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition; WISC-IV); Spatial Span = Spatial Span Backward Span Scaled Score (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Third Edition, Process Instrument; WISC-III-PI); Sentence Span = Sentence Span Total Words Recalled; Mazes = Elithorn Perceptual Mazes Test Scaled Score (WISC-III -PI);Trail Making = Trail Making Letter/Number Sequencing Scaled Score (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; D-KEFS); Tower = D-KEFS Tower Total Achievement Scaled Score; Conflicting = Conflicting Motor Response Test Number Correct; Contralateral = Contralateral Motor Response Test Number Correct.