Table 4.
Relationship between GB/GF exposure and neuropsychological performance in all subjects and in a subset of subjects with complete neuropsychological data
| All Exposed |
All Unexposed |
All Exposed vs. All Unexposed |
32 Exposed vs. 26 Unexposed |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | χ 2 | p-value | χ 2 | p-value | |
| General Verbal Intelligence | ||||||||
| WAIS-III VCI | 39 | 102.3 (12.1) | 40 | 107.1 (13.7) | 1.90 | 0.17 | 1.40 | 0.24 |
| WRAT-III reading | 40 | 47.8 (4.9) | 40 | 48.4 (4.5) | 0.17 | 0.68 | 0.21 | 0.65 |
| Attention | ||||||||
| Continuous Performance Testa | 28 | 408.5 (77.2) | 32 | 382.0 (48.2) | 1.44 | 0.23 | 1.64 | 0.20 |
| TMT A, time to completea | 40 | 30.1 (10.1) | 40 | 30.0 (11.3) | 0.12 | 0.73 | 0.21 | 0.65 |
| WAIS-III Digit Spans | 39 | 16.5 (4.4) | 40 | 16.5 (4.6) | 0.08 | 0.78 | 0.02 | 0.88 |
| Executive Function | ||||||||
| TMT B, time to completea | 40 | 66.1 (29.7) | 40 | 67.3 (31.2) | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.91 |
| Short Categoy Testa | 38 | 28.0 (17.1) | 40 | 25.2 (12.9) | 0.33 | 0.57 | 0.40 | 0.53 |
| COWAT, FAS total correct | 40 | 40.7 (10.8) | 40 | 38.2 (9.1) | 0.96 | 0.33 | 1.53 | 0.22 |
| Psychomotor Function | ||||||||
| WAIS-III Digit Symbol, coding | 40 | 66.7 (18.9) | 40 | 71.4 (14.2) | 1.43 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.63 |
| Grooved Pegboard, dominanta | 40 | 70.6 (15.6) | 40 | 70.6 (12.0) | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
| Grooved Pegboard, non-dominanta | 40 | 78.9 (24.5) | 40 | 73.6 (12.1) | 0.95 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.62 |
| Visuospatial abilities | ||||||||
| WAIS-III Block Design | 40 | 41.3 (12.9) | 40 | 45.2 (11.4) | 1.87 | 0.17 | 0.43 | 0.51 |
| Memory | ||||||||
| CVLT-II, short delay free recall | 38 | 10.8 (3.7) | 38 | 11.7 (3.2) | 1.19 | 0.27 | 2.03 | 0.15 |
| CVLT-II, long delay free recall | 38 | 10.9 (3.6) | 38 | 12.0 (2.8) | 1.31 | 0.25 | 4.33b | 0.04b |
| WMS-III Logical Memory, delayed Recall | 40 | 24.4 (9.3) | 40 | 26.0 (8.3) | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.93 | 0.34 |
| BVMT-R, total recall | 40 | 22.8 (6.1) | 40 | 25.4 (4.5) | 3.30 | 0.07 | 2.10 | 0.15 |
| BVMT-R, delayed recall | 40 | 9.2 (1.8) | 40 | 9.4 (1.9) | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.89 |
| Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) | ||||||||
| Trial 1 | 38 | 47.0 (5.0) | 40 | 48.4 (2.4) | 0.15 | 0.69 | 0.58 | 0.45 |
| Trial 2 | 38 | 48.8 (3.2) | 40 | 50.0 (0.2) | 6.69 | 0.01 | 5.46 | 0.02 |
| Retention | 38 | 48.8 (3.6) | 40 | 49.9 (0.3) | 2.67 | 0.10 | 1.44 | 0.23 |
VCI: Verbal Comprehension Index; TMT: Trail Making Test; COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test; CVLT-II: California Verbal Learning Test-II, BVMT-R: Brief Visual Memory Test-R
a
lower scores indicate better performance
b
group difference no longer significant after the TOMM failures are excluded from analysis (χ2=2.48, p=0.12)