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Schematic overview of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. ACVS, δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase; IPNS, isopenicillin N synthase; AT, acyl-CoA:6-amino penicillanic acid acyltransferase; PCL, phenylacetyl CoA ligase; PAA, phenylacetic acid.
