harvesting and hunting |
hunting of particular species or individuals, at particular times |
crop harvesting |
muttonbird (sooty shearwater) gathering by Maori |
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sparing young animals and fish |
livestock raising |
aboriginal caretakers |
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rotational hunting and no-take zones closed fishing areas and closed |
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beaver bosses of Cree, rested hunting and trapping areas |
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season allowing portion of fish catch to escape |
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sparing lead caribou individuals (as have knowledge of migration routes) |
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taboos and rituals for certain people and animals |
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Pacific island closed fishing areas and seasons |
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nomination of stewards to regulate hunting |
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planting |
enrichment planting of fruit and medicinal trees in forests and home gardens |
planting of domesticated seeds |
tree, palm and bamboo enrichment by Amazonian cultures aboriginal wild gardens |
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scattering seeds and roots |
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distribution and reproduction of |
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replacing portions of roots |
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mongongo nut trees by San |
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replanting of propagules |
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transplanting willow for basketry by |
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selectively tended wild gardens |
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Shoshone |
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agroforestry on and off farms |
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raising animals |
selective culling and sparing |
raising domesticated |
managing wild pigs in Papua New |
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transplanting eggs and young |
animals |
Guinea |
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feeding young animals |
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nutrient additions |
human and animal wastes near settlements mulching and charcoal as soil amendments |
fertilizer, compost, animal manure |
pastoralist corrals in Sub-Saharan Africa leading to Acacia woodlands wild pig management in Papua New |
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feed for fish and wild pigs |
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Guinea |
pest management |
protection by removal of weeds, pests or predators |
pest management |
management of oyster beds in UK |
habitat amendment and creation |
coppicing and thinning of trees to increase yields and biodiversity |
habitat amendment for agriculture |
swidden agriculturalistsfarmers creating ponds for fishing or |
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creation of ponds and fleets |
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wildfowling in UK |
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creation of maize and sorghum game cover |
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farmers maintaining woodland and game cover for shooting |
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clearing of forest glades |
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creation of rock cairns to attract lizards |
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creation of hunting gardens |
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water management |
diversion of streams to irrigate wild strands of grasses |
irrigationdrainage |
irrigation by Hohokam in USA |
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channel diversion for fish trapping |
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clearing of stream-beds for fish spawning |
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fire use |
burning to increase grass yields to encourage game, reveal burrows and tracks |
burning crop stubbles and strawclearing swiddens |
firestick farming by Australian Aboriginescreation of parklands by Native |
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broadcasting seeds of annuals and perennials after burning |
burning heather moors |
Americans (Yosemite and Vancouver Island) |
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burning of prairies by Blackfoot to improve grasses for wild herds |