Table 1.
Comparison of factors related to functional status in men and women with heart failure
| Valuea |
Significance |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Men (n = 133) | Women (n = 98) | t or χ2 | P | |
| Functional status, mean (SD), scoreb | 31.9 (20.1) | 24.5 (17.3) | 8.49 | .004 | |
| Clinical factors | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 61 (12) | 65 | (13) | 5.32 | .02 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 66 (50) | 48 | (49) | 0.01 | .92 |
| Heart failure with preserved systolic function | 56 (42) | 61 | (62) | 9.16 | .002 |
| Comorbid diseases | |||||
| Hypertension | 52 (39) | 41 | (42) | 0.18 | .68 |
| Diabetes | 55 (41) | 28 | (29) | 4.00 | .04 |
| Medications | |||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 109 (82) | 72 | (73) | 6.56 | .12 |
| Digoxin | 41 (31) | 21 | (21) | 3.15 | .08 |
| Diuretics | 100 (75) | 81 | (83) | 1.85 | .17 |
| β-Blockers | 119 (89) | 88 | (90) | 0.01 | .94 |
| Calcium blockers | 18 (14) | 14 | (14) | 0.03 | .87 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 41 (31) | 24 | (24) | 1.12 | .29 |
| Antidepressants | 30 (23) | 30 | (31) | 1.90 | .17 |
| Situational factors | |||||
| Living status | 0.35 | .55 | |||
| Living alone | 7 (5) | 7 | (7) | ||
| Living with family | 126 (95) | 91 | (93) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | 3.07 | .22 | |||
| Low | 66 (50) | 60 | (61) | ||
| Middle | 31 (23) | 18 | (18) | ||
| High | 36 (27) | 20 | (20) | ||
| Physical symptoms, mean (SD) | |||||
| Dyspnea on exertion | 2.8 (0.9) | 3.1 | (0.9) | 4.49 | .03 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.2 | (1.1) | 1.06 | .30 |
| Ankle swelling | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.2 | (1.0) | 0.16 | .69 |
| Fatigue | 2.8 (1.0) | 3.2 | (0.9) | 13.36 | <.001 |
| Sleep disturbance | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.8 | (1.1) | 8.04 | .005 |
| Psychological symptoms, mean (SD) | 17.0 (9.5) | 19.8 | (9.9) | 4.77 | .03 |
| Depressive symptoms, No. (%) of patientsc | |||||
| None | 27 (20) | 15 | (15) | ||
| Mild | 55 (41) | 31 | (32) | ||
| Moderate | 38 (29) | 36 | (37) | ||
| Severe | 13 (10) | 16 | (16) | ||
a
Values are expressed as number (%) of patients unless otherwise indicated. Because of rounding, percentages may not total 100.
b
Score on Korean Activity Scale/Index.
c
Score on Beck Depression Inventory: 0–9, no symptoms; 10–16, mild symptoms; 17–29, moderate symptoms; 30–63, severe symptoms.