Table 2.
Baseline retinal arteriolar and venular diameter and incident hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with 3-year follow-upa
| Central retinal artery equivalent | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | Incident hypertension (%) | Model 1: OR (95% CI)b | Model 2: OR (95% CI)b | Model 3: OR (95% CI)b | |
| By quartiles (ranges in μm) | |||||
| Total | 2515 | ||||
| 1Q: ≤135.1 | 488 | 118 (24.2) | 1.92 (1.41, 2.62) | 2.54 (1.78, 3.63) | 1.47 (1.01, 2.14) |
| 2Q: 135.1 – 144.5 | 584 | 110 (18.8) | 1.45 (1.07, 1.97) | 1.74 (1.26, 2.42) | 1.17 (0.83, 1.66) |
| 3Q: 144.5 – 153.4 | 695 | 103 (14.8) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.54) | 1.28 (0.94, 1.76) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.43) |
| 4Q: ≥153.4 | 748 | 100 (13.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Per SD decrease | |||||
| Total | 2515 | – | 1.34 (1.18, 1.52) | 1.57 (1.35, 1.83) | 1.20 (1.02, 1.42) |
| White | 1128 | – | 1.33 (1.11, 1.61) | 1.58 (1.24, 2.01) | 1.29 (1.01, 1.66) |
| African–American | 480 | – | 1.28 (0.98, 1.67) | 1.53 (1.11, 2.11) | 1.04 (0.72, 1.49) |
| Hispanic | 559 | – | 1.41 (1.08, 1.85) | 1.74 (1.27, 2.40) | 1.32 (0.94, 1.85) |
| Chinese American | 348 | – | 1.29 (0.87, 1.91) | 1.38 (0.84, 2.25) | 0.98 (0.56, 1.69) |
|
| |||||
| Central retinal vein equivalent | |||||
|
| |||||
| By quartiles (ranges in μm) | |||||
| Total | 2521 | ||||
| 1Q: ≤199.4 | 592 | 94 (15.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2Q: 199.4 – 213.9 | 677 | 115 (17.0) | 1.12 (0.83, 1.53) | 1.53 (1.10, 2.14) | 1.38 (0.98, 1.96) |
| 3Q: 213.9 – 228.2 | 643 | 109 (17.0) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.51) | 1.63 (1.14, 2.32) | 1.36 (0.94, 1.96) |
| 4Q: ≥228.2 | 609 | 114 (18.7) | 1.23 (0.90, 1.71) | 1.99 (1.35, 2.93) | 1.68 (1.13, 2.52) |
| Per SD increase | |||||
| Total | 2521 | – | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.27 (1.10, 1.46) | 1.18 (1.02, 1.37) |
| White | 1131 | – | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.65) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.54) |
| African–American | 480 | – | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.70) | 1.25 (0.91, 1.72) |
| Hispanic | 563 | – | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 1.28 (0.95, 1.71) | 1.15 (0.84, 1.57) |
| Chinese American | 347 | – | 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.78) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.81) |
CI, confidence interval; CRAE, central retinal artery equivalent; CRVE, central retinal vein equivalent; OR, odds ratio. Model 1: Adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Model 2: Model 1 and glucose, BMI, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, presence of diabetes, current smoking, and CRAE for CRVE or CRVE for CRAE at baseline. Model 3: Model 2 and average of past and baseline mean arterial blood pressure.
Defined as being normal or prehypertension at visit 1 and visit 2 without use of antihypertensive medication and being hypertension stage 1 or stage 2 or use of antihypertensive medication at visit 4.
OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. 1Q–4Q: lowest to highest quartiles.