Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Variables, and Adjusted Prefrontal Neurometabolite Concentrations (IU) in Bipolar Depressed Adolescents and Healthy Adolescents
| |
Group |
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | DEP (n = 28) | HA (n = 10) | Statistical tests |
| Age (years) | 15.5 ± 1.5 | 14.6 ± 1.8 | t = 1.7, df = 36, p = 0.1 |
| % Female | 82% | 60% | χ2 = 2.0, df = 1, p = 0.2 |
| % White | 79% | 80% | χ2 = 0.01, df = 1, p = 0.9 |
| YMRS | 15.0 ± 6.9 | — | |
| CDRS-R | 63.2 ± 12.6 | — | |
| % ADHD | 25% | — | |
| % Any other DBD | 50% | — | |
| % Any anxiety disorder | 44% | — | |
| |
|
|
|
|
Group (mean, 99% CI) |
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voxel | Metabolite | p value for normalitya | p value for equality of variancesb | ANCOVA | DEP (n = 27) | HA (n = 10) | Cohen f |
| ACC | DEP (n = 27) | HA (n = 10) | |||||
| Cho | >0.15 | 0.2 | F1,33 = 0.6, p = 0.4 | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 0.1 | |
| Cr | >0.15 | 0.3 | F1,33 = 3.6, p = 0.07 | 6.8 (6.5–7.2) | 6.4 (5.9–6.9) | 0.3 | |
| Glx | >0.15 | 0.4 | F1,33 = 4.5, p = 0.04 | 15.0 (14.3–15.8) | 14.0 (13.0–15.1) | 0.4 | |
| mI | >0.15 | 0.9 | F1,33 = 5.3, p = 0.03 | 6.0 (5.6–6.4) | 5.5 (4.9–6.0) | 0.4 | |
| NAA | >0.15 | 0.8 | F1,33 = 17.8, p = 0.0002 | 9.0 (8.6–9.5) | 7.9 (7.3–8.5) | 0.7 | |
| LVLFC | DEP (n = 27) | HA (n = 9) | |||||
| Cho | >0.15 | 1.0 | F1,32 = 13.1, p = 0.001 | 1.9 (1.7–2.0) | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 0.6 | |
| Cr (log) | 0.02 | 0.03 | F1,32 = 18.5, p = 0.0002 | 5.2 (4.8–5.7) | 4.1 (3.7–4.7) | 0.7 | |
| Glx | >0.15 | 0.1 | F1,32 = 6.1, p = 0.02 | 10.3 (9.3–11.2) | 8.7 (7.3–10.1) | 0.4 | |
| mI | >0.15 | 0.1 | F1,32 = 5.1, p = 0.03 | 5.0 (4.4–5.8) | 4.1 (3.4–5.1) | 0.4 | |
| NAA | >0.15 | 0.02 | F1,32 = 13.6, p = 0.0008 | 8.5 (8.0–9.1) | 7.2 (6.4–8.0) | 0.6 | |
| RVLPFC | DEP (n = 26) | HA (n = 8) | |||||
| Cho | >0.15 | 0.1 | F1,32 = 7.0, p = 0.01 | 1.8 (1.7–2.0) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 0.5 | |
| Cr (log) | 0.02 | 0.06 | F1,32 = 9.6, p = 0.004 | 5.3 (4.8–5.7) | 4.4 (3.8–5.1) | 0.5 | |
| Glx | >0.15 | 0.8 | F1,30 = 6.4, p = 0.02 | 11.1 (10.1–12.0) | 9.4 (7.8–11.0) | 0.4 | |
| mI | >0.15 | 0.7 | F1,32 = 11.1, p = 0.002 | 4.9 (4.5–5.4) | 4.0 (3.4–4.7) | 0.6 | |
| NAA | >0.15 | 0.2 | F1,32 = 11.4, p = 0.002 | 8.6 (7.9–9.4) | 7.1 (5.9–8.2) | 0.5 | |
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality.
Levene's test for equality of variances.
IU = international units; DEP = depressed; HA = healthy adolescent; y = years; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale; CDRS-R = Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised; ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; DBD = disruptive behavior disorder; Glx = glutamate/glutamine/γ-aminobutyric acid; Cho = choline; Cr = creatine/phosphocreatine; mI = myo-inositol; NAA = N-acetyl-aspartate; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; LVLPFC = left ventral lateral prefrontal cortex; RVLPFC = right ventral lateral prefrontal cortex; ANCOVA = analysis of covariance; CI = confidence interval.