Figure 5.

Effects of metformin on PMA-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs, CAMKI and PKCα. Cells were treated with PMA (30 nM) for 30 min in the presence or absence of metformin, and the phosphorylation levels of three MAPKs (A), CAMKI and PKCα (B) were measured by Western blotting. Each blot is representative of at least three others. Densitometry ratios of phospho-MAPKs were normalized to β-actin. Data are expressed as the means ± SD of triplicate experiments. *Significantly different from PMA treatment only (P < 0.01).