The response (average ± s.e. of FRD or average ± s.e. of HID) of hermit crabs to approaching threats. (a,b) A human approached with either boat motor noise or silence. (c) A looming object (a black t-shirt put over an inflated donut) approached with either boat motor noise or silence. (d,e) A human approached with either boat motor noise combined with flashing lights or boat motor noise only. (a) d-score = 0.814, p = 0.003; (b) d-score = 0.709, p = 0.008; (c) d-score = 0.532, p = 0.027; (d) d-score = 0.717, p = 0.084; (e) d-score = 0.898, p = 0.030.