Table 2.
Adaptive coping styles in patients with chronic pain diseases
| TDH | TMH | SIAH | PoA | CWoL | RIC | Escape | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| External locus of control | Internal locus of control | / | ||||||
| all | Mean | 56.34 | 79.28 | 75.16 | 70.64 | 72.16 | 50.43 | 52.00 |
| SD | 32.56 | 20.18 | 21.07 | 16.75 | 17.17 | 26.33 | 27.04 | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| women | Mean | 57.60 | 79.03 | 75.65 | 71.20 | 72.56 | 51.11 | 51.89 |
| SD | 32.20 | 20.70 | 21.52 | 16.76 | 17.03 | 26.67 | 26.91 | |
| men | Mean | 51.94 | 80.15 | 73.42 | 68.65 | 70.77 | 48.09 | 49.12 |
| SD | 33.52 | 18.33 | 19.44 | 16.64 | 17.65 | 25.06 | 26.17 | |
| F-value | 2.834 | .291 | 1.067 | 2.240 | 1.046 | 1.199 | 1.614 | |
| p-value | 0.093 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
| age | ||||||||
| <30 years | Mean | 41.03 | 72.06 | 67.03 | 69.26 | 65.88 | 51.96 | 52.40 |
| SD | 35.03 | 18.18 | 18.09 | 13.62 | 17.64 | 25.98 | 18.14 | |
| 31-40 years | Mean | 41.94 | 79.17 | 75.22 | 66.94 | 65.81 | 48.97 | 51.89 |
| SD | 30.59 | 14.19 | 20.04 | 16.67 | 19.59 | 26.57 | 26.89 | |
| 41-50 years | Mean | 50.60 | 73.97 | 76.02 | 68.91 | 70.32 | 48.70 | 45.97 |
| SD | 33.05 | 20.81 | 16.82 | 18.37 | 16.68 | 26.81 | 27.37 | |
| 51-60 years | Mean | 57.82 | 81.77 | 76.59 | 71.35 | 73.97 | 51.12 | 54.64 |
| SD | 29.65 | 16.39 | 20.85 | 15.33 | 15.20 | 25.71 | 26.92 | |
| 61-70 years | Mean | 63.77 | 85.34 | 75.06 | 71.98 | 74.28 | 52.40 | 54.46 |
| SD | 31.35 | 20.16 | 23.51 | 18.09 | 17.87 | 26.59 | 27.65 | |
| >70 years | Mean | 73.22 | 79.05 | 74.97 | 74.03 | 76.73 | 49.35 | 53.36 |
| SD | 29.66 | 26.93 | 26.01 | 15.41 | 15.98 | 27.03 | 27.93 | |
| F-value | 10.356 | 5.208 | 1.196 | 1.764 | 4.844 | 0.319 | 1.755 | |
| p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.002 | n.s. | n.s. | |
| Underlying disease | ||||||||
| spine-associated pain syndromes | Mean | 57.08 | 80.06 | 74.65 | 67.69 | 71.16 | 47.52 | 54.81 |
| SD | 31.78 | 19.02 | 21.00 | 17.41 | 17.67 | 27.64 | 21.88 | |
| fibromyalgia | Mean | 57.40 | 80.18 | 76.77 | 67.92 | 73.41 | 50.22 | 56.08 |
| SD | 29.09 | 18.70 | 18.48 | 16.22 | 13.12 | 26.17 | 27.44 | |
| polyarthritis/-arthrosis | Mean | 59.91 | 81.67 | 81.39 | 73.06 | 75.36 | 48.86 | 50.95 |
| SD | 27.73 | 19.96 | 16.43 | 14.30 | 13.67 | 23.82 | 27.25 | |
| migraine/headache | Mean | 50.42 | 77.85 | 73.07 | 68.40 | 69.40 | 44.83 | 57.54 |
| SD | 32.38 | 20.45 | 24.62 | 15.10 | 21.63 | 30.98 | 30.15 | |
| chronic inflammatory bowel diseases | Mean | 33.60 | 71.92 | 69.53 | 65.97 | 65.13 | 53.08 | 50.05 |
| SD | 37.65 | 21.71 | 26.79 | 13.90 | 19.30 | 20.13 | 27.63 | |
| cancer (accompanied by pain) | Mean | 57.74 | 73.21 | 77.08 | 71.03 | 72.86 | 50.60 | 51.09 |
| SD | 30.72 | 27.68 | 18.78 | 13.08 | 17.51 | 26.90 | 26.39 | |
| amputations (accompanied by pain) | Mean | 69.77 | 89.53 | 76.63 | 78.95 | 81.03 | 57.97 | 46.00 |
| SD | 29.49 | 18.17 | 22.54 | 15.22 | 15.23 | 29.38 | 27.50 | |
| pain associated with psycho-physical exhaustion | Mean | 51.35 | 71.39 | 69.47 | 69.58 | 72.12 | 55.93 | 45.74 |
| SD | 32.39 | 17.06 | 23.14 | 16.45 | 18.23 | 21.47 | 27.95 | |
| other pain syndromes | Mean | 56.63 | 78.60 | 74.40 | 71.60 | 71.34 | 50.73 | 52.78 |
| SD | 33.50 | 20.54 | 21.73 | 17.45 | 17.16 | 26.11 | 26.77 | |
| F-value | 2.649 | 2.490 | 1.082 | 2.398 | 2.354 | 0.816 | 0.894 | |
| p-value | 0.007 | 0.012 | n.s. | 0.015 | 0.017 | n.s. | n.s. | |
| Pain treatment | ||||||||
| Pain outpatient Clinic | Mean | 61.82 | 86.96 | 78.37 | 71.21 | 73.25 | 54.36 | 60.31 |
| SD | 31.73 | 13.94 | 18.71 | 17.70 | 16.49 | 26.54 | 25.50 | |
| Rehabilitation Clinic | Mean | 60.76 | 82.77 | 71.45 | 70.19 | 75.64 | 50.78 | 55.97 |
| SD | 29.27 | 18.83 | 22.12 | 17.39 | 15.35 | 25.66 | 27.49 | |
| Mind-Body/CAM Training Programs | Mean | 51.94 | 73.84 | 74.71 | 70.50 | 70.50 | 48.49 | 46.31 |
| SD | 33.35 | 21.96 | 21.97 | 15.87 | 17.61 | 26.13 | 26.35 | |
| F-value | 6.048 | 25.536 | 3.568 | 0.143 | 4.283 | 2.474 | 15.674 | |
| p-value | 0.003 | <0.0001 | 0.029 | n.s. | 0.014 | 0.085 | <0.0001 | |
Scores > 50% represent a positive attitude (agreement), while scores < 50% represent a negative attitude (disagreement). Deviations > 15% from the mean were highlighted
Abbreviations: TDH - Trust in Divine Help; TMH - Trust in Medical Help; SIAH - Search for Information/Alternative Help; PoA - Positive Attitudes; CWoL - Conscious Way of Living; RIC - Reappraisal: Illness as Chance; Esc -Escape from Illness