FIG. 1.

Intraoperative use of real-time convection-enhanced delivery (CED) in the nonhuman primate (NHP) brainstem and thalamus. Infusion of AAV2-hASM-HA/Gd visualized as a contrast demarcation on MRI indicates cannula tip placement in the targeted region (A and B; white arrows). Note the increase in infusate size as a function of time as demonstrated in sequential MR image acquisitions. In (A), residual contrast signal visible 19 min after initiation of brainstem infusion correlates with diffusion of thalamic signal, completed 30 min before the end of brainstem infusion.