AAV infusion and transduction in brainstem and thalamus. Shown are DICOM MR images representative of brainstem and thalamic infusion (A and E, respectively), and immunostained brain sections anatomically matched to the corresponding MR image (B and F). High-power magnification images demonstrate infusion epicenter with significant neuronal transduction (HA expression) in each targeted region (C and D), as compared with negative controls (G and H). Note that boxes drawn on the MR images are merely representative of the ROIs and are not to scale. Microscopic analysis was performed on NHP tissue perfused 5 weeks after AAV2-hASM-HA infusion. Scale bars: (B and F) 2 cm; (C, D, G, and H) 500 μm.