Table 3.
Distribution and HRs with 95% CIs for bladder cancer risk within quintiles of nitrate and nitrite (mg/1000 kcal).
| Characteristic | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trenda |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary nitrateb | ||||||
| Cases | 236 | 185 | 150 | 145 | 138 | |
| Median | 19.7 | 30.4 | 41.5 | 58.0 | 95.4 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.71–1.06) | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.28 |
| Plant sources | ||||||
| Cases | 237 | 184 | 148 | 149 | 136 | |
| Median | 17.0 | 27.6 | 38.6 | 55.1 | 92.6 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.69–1.03) | 0.73 (0.55–0.91) | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) | 0.21 |
| Animal sources | ||||||
| Cases | 175 | 162 | 190 | 185 | 142 | |
| Median | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 4.3 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 1.17 (0.94–1.44) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 0.44 |
| Dietary nitriteb | ||||||
| Cases | 176 | 181 | 164 | 161 | 172 | |
| Median | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.91 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.90–1.45) | 1.10 (0.89–1.37) | 1.14 (0.91–1.44) | 1.28 (1.02–1.61) | 0.06 |
| Plant sources | ||||||
| Cases | 215 | 175 | 159 | 155 | 150 | |
| Median | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.69 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 1.05 (0.84–1.33) | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) | 0.18 |
| Animal sources | ||||||
| Cases | 150 | 132 | 187 | 178 | 207 | |
| Median | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.36 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.67–1.07) | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 0.21 |
| Nitrate from processed meatc | ||||||
| Cases | 126 | 140 | 173 | 187 | 228 | |
| Median | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.29 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 1.09 (0.87–1.38) | 1.07 (0.85–1.36) | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) | 0.06 |
| Nitrite from processed meatc | ||||||
| Cases | 119 | 158 | 163 | 227 | 187 | |
| Median | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.19 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.90–1.46) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 1.39 (1.11–1.74) | 1.07 (0.85–1.36) | 0.79 |
| Nitrate and nitrite from processed meatc | ||||||
| Cases | 109 | 147 | 173 | 191 | 234 | |
| Median | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.95 | |
| HR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.92–1.53) | 1.15 (0.90–1.48) | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | 1.29 (1.00–1.67) | 0.11 |
*
Adjusted for age (continuous, years), gender, smoking (never, quit ≥ 10 years ago, quit 5–9 years ago, quit 1–4 years ago, quit <1 year ago or ≤ 20 cigarettes/day, 20–40 cigarettes/day, >40 cigarettes/day), and intakes of fruit (continuous, cup equivalents/1,000 kcal), vegetables (continuous, cup equivalents/1,000 kcal), beverages (continuous, mL/day; sum of beer, coffee, juice, liquor, milk, soda, tea and wine), and total energy (continuous, kcal).
a
P-trend based on quintile medians.
b
Literature values.
c
Measured values from meat samples.