Figure 5.

Learning impairment is specific to IPA exposure. Learning performances, as indicated by the percentage of conditioned PER to the conditioned odor on the third trial (PER conditioning), for each group.(A) Compared with controls (Oil), learning remained unaffected after exposure to geraniol (Ger), a compound belonging to the attractive Nasonov pheromone or (B) to methyl salicylate (MS), a non-pheromonal ester. By contrast, bees exposed to IPA show significantly fewer conditioned responses. *p < 0.025 (as compared with respective control groups).