Figure 6.

IPA exposure impairs learning irrespective of the odorant used as the conditioned stimulus. Learning performances, as indicated by percentages of conditioned responses to the conditioned odor on the third trial (PER conditioning), for each group. Independent groups of bees were conditioned in a three-trial protocol, after exposure to either IPA (24% in mineral oil) or mineral oil alone. In each pair of groups, a different odorant (nonanal, citral, or 1-hexanol) was used as the CS during the three-trial conditioning. In all cases, control bees (Oil) learned significantly better than exposed bees (IPA). Thus, IPA exposure impairs subsequent associative olfactory learning irrespective of the odorant selected for conditioning. *p < 0.05 (as compared to respective Oil control groups).