FIG. 16.

ROS as a byproduct of oxidative stress and an essential component of some cellular functions and cell death. ROS are an integral component of the aging process, in which oxidative stress within mitochondria slowly degrades mitochondrial proteins, including the ETC complexes and matrix scavenging proteins. These alterations result in a self-perpetuating cycle of damage that eventually can lead to a decline in bioenergetic capacity and ultimately a compromise in organ system functional reserve. These factors predispose to increased probability and susceptibility damage. Reproduced with permission and modified from Muravchick et al. (391).