TABLE 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) Comparing Health Characteristics of Gay/Lesbian and Bisexual Participants to Those of Heterosexual Participants: Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey Respondents, 2001–2008
| Gay/Lesbian vs Heterosexual |
Bisexual vs Heterosexual |
|||||||
| All |
Men |
Women |
All |
Men |
Women |
|||
| AOR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Health care access | ||||||||
| No health insurance | 1.17 (0.89, 1.53) | .78 | 1.20 (0.86, 1.69) | 1.12 (0.72, 1.73) | 2.22 (1.55, 3.18) | .28 | 2.76 (1.54, 4.94) | 2.04 (1.32, 3.14) |
| No regular provider | 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) | .05 | 0.80 (0.57, 1.11) | 1.35 (0.87, 2.08) | 2.04 (1.47, 2.81) | .78 | 2.15 (1.26, 3.66) | 2.02 (1.35, 3.03) |
| No dental cleaning, prior year | 1.13 (0.83, 1.54) | .54 | 1.05 (0.73, 1.50) | 1.29 (0.75, 2.23) | 1.85 (1.21, 2.82) | .86 | 1.75 (0.83, 3.71) | 1.94 (1.19, 3.17) |
| General health | ||||||||
| Fair/poor self-rated health | 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) | .26 | 1.06 (0.74, 1.51) | 1.39 (1.00, 1.95) | 3.45 (2.39, 5.00) | .56 | 4.03 (2.09, 7.76) | 3.14 (2.02, 4.87) |
| Activity limitation caused by disability | 1.58 (1.31, 1.89) | .08 | 1.37 (1.05, 1.80) | 1.86 (1.45, 2.37) | 3.68 (2.78, 4.88) | .01 | 2.15 (1.31, 3.55) | 4.54 (3.26, 6.33) |
| Weight | < .01 | .19 | ||||||
| Overweight | 0.73 (0.61, 0.87) | 0.54 (0.43, 0.68) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.40) | 0.92 (0.67, 1.27) | 0.67 (0.38, 1.20) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.57) | ||
| Obese | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.46 (0.34, 0.63) | 2.05 (1.56, 2.69) | 1.17 (0.81, 1.69) | 0.93 (0.50, 1.74) | 1.28 (0.82, 2.00) | ||
| Screening testsa | ||||||||
| HIV | 3.62 (3.08, 4.26) | < .01 | 6.84 (5.23, 8.97) | 1.76 (1.42, 2.19) | 2.72 (2.04, 3.63) | .42 | 3.28 (1.99, 5.41) | 2.29 (1.60, 3.26) |
| Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopyb | 1.34 (0.99, 1.82) | .07 | 1.67 (1.07, 2.61) | 1.00 (0.66, 1.51) | 1.28 (0.71, 2.32) | .11 | 0.82 (0.36, 1.86) | 2.16 (0.96, 4.86) |
| Prostate-specific antigenc | 0.69 (0.51, 0.93) | 1.10 (0.51, 2.35) | ||||||
| Mammogramc | 1.63 (0.88, 3.02) | 1.31 (0.70, 2.46) | ||||||
| Papanicolau test, prior 3 years | 0.84 (0.51, 1.38) | 0.62 (0.32, 1.19) | ||||||
| Chronic health conditions | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 1.04 (0.72, 1.50) | .52 | 0.94 (0.56, 1.57) | 1.23 (0.74, 2.06) | 1.14 (0.61, 2.14) | .92 | 1.21 (0.37, 3.96) | 1.04 (0.62, 1.76) |
| Heart disease | 1.50 (0.83, 2.71) | .68 | 1.37 (0.62, 3.03) | 1.92 (0.95, 3.87) | 2.19 (0.88, 5.43) | .65 | 1.90 (0.65, 5.51) | 2.24 (0.53, 9.43) |
| Asthma | 1.48 (1.23, 1.77) | .21 | 1.32 (1.00, 1.73) | 1.68 (1.32, 2.14) | 1.39 (1.05, 1.85) | .33 | 1.07 (0.57, 1.99) | 1.58 (1.15, 2.18) |
| High CVD risk | 1.23 (0.98,1.55) | .07 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 1.63 (1.17, 2.26) | 2.24 (1.47, 3.43) | .96 | 2.25 (1.05, 4.79) | 2.27 (1.36, 3.78) |
| Mental health | ||||||||
| Tense/worried ≥ 15 of prior 30 d | 1.42 (1.08,1.86) | .89 | 1.38 (0.93, 2.04) | 1.46 (0.99, 2.15) | 2.75 (1.91, 3.96) | .92 | 2.69 (1.35, 5.36) | 2.82 (1.83, 4.34) |
| Sad/blue ≥ 15 of prior 30 d | 1.26 (0.88, 1.81) | .37 | 1.45 (0.89, 2.35) | 1.02 (0.60, 1.75) | 2.43 (1.56, 3.78) | .68 | 2.08 (0.93, 4.68) | 2.48 (1.47, 4.19) |
| Seriously considered suicide, prior year | 1.87 (0.96, 3.65) | .56 | 2.13 (0.97, 4.66) | 1.38 (0.35, 5.44) | 11.28 (5.24, 24.28) | .08 | 4.27 (0.82, 22.16) | 20.56 (9.00, 47.00) |
| Substance use | ||||||||
| Cigarettes | .05 | .03 | ||||||
| Current smoker | 2.33 (1.91, 2.84) | 2.42 (1.88, 3.11) | 2.20 (1.58, 3.07) | 2.65 (1.95, 3.58) | 2.03 (1.18, 3.49) | 3.00 (2.10, 4.29) | ||
| Former smoker | 1.57 (1.32, 1.86) | 1.39 (1.08, 1.78) | 1.85 (1.46, 2.35) | 1.21 (0.86, 1.71) | 0.66 (0.38, 1.15) | 1.57 (1.04, 2.37) | ||
| Binge drinking, prior 30 d | 1.16 (0.95, 1.42) | .13 | 1.05 (0.84, 1.32) | 1.43 (0.98, 2.09) | 1.16 (0.83, 1.61) | .05 | 0.78 (0.45, 1.34) | 1.49 (1.02, 2.17) |
| Illicit drug use, prior 30 d | 2.76 (1.86, 4.08) | .34 | 3.09 (1.85, 5.17) | 2.14 (1.18, 3.87) | 5.33 (2.92, 9.74) | .06 | 2.28 (0.62, 8.39) | 9.14 (4.54, 18.38) |
| Lifetime violence victimization | ||||||||
| Sexual assault | 2.93 (2.17, 3.95) | .15 | 3.72 (2.39, 5.79) | 2.32 (1.60, 3.37) | 3.87 (2.48, 6.05) | .37 | 2.83 (1.29, 6.24) | 4.36 (2.50, 7.61) |
| Physical intimate partner | 1.90 (0.82, 4.39) | .6 | 2.44 (0.61, 9.70) | 1.55 (0.65, 3.67) | 2.62 (0.85, 8.09) | .02 | 0.26 (0.03, 2.27) | 7.91 (1.46, 42.70) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular disease. The total sample size was N = 67 359. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, gender, and educational attainment; CIs are design-adjusted. All P values are χ-square P values for interaction to evaluate effect modification by gender.
a
Lifetime, unless otherwise noted.
b
Participants aged ≥ 50 years.
c
Participants aged ≥ 40 years.